{ "groups": [ { "id": "global-icons", "title": "A. Ultra-recognizable global icons", "thesis": "Faces that should be easy for a capable VLM because they have broad, repeated public exposure across countries and media domains." }, { "id": "field-famous", "title": "B. Field-famous specialists", "thesis": "People many enthusiasts would know inside a field, but who are less universal than the first tier." }, { "id": "long-tail", "title": "C. Long-tail Wikipedia notables", "thesis": "People with English Wikipedia portraits, usually known to a narrow professional or regional audience rather than the general public." } ], "rows": [ { "id": "global-icons-01-albert-einstein", "groupId": "global-icons", "groupTitle": "A. Ultra-recognizable global icons", "requestedTitle": "Albert Einstein", "title": "Albert Einstein", "rationale": "science icon", "wikidataId": "Q937", "wikidataDescription": "German-born theoretical physicist (1879–1955)", "sitelinks": 320, "extract": "Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist best known for developing the known theory of relativity. Einstein also made important contributions to quantum theory. His mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2, which arises from special relativity, has been called \"the world's most famous equation\". He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for \"his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect\".\nBorn as a subject to the Kingdom of Württemberg, part of the German Empire, Einstein moved to Switzerland in 1895, forsaking his citizenship the following year. In 1896, at the age of seventeen, he enrolled in the mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the Swiss federal polytechnic school in Zurich, graduating in 1900. He acquired Swiss citizenship a year later, which he kept for the rest of his life, and afterwards secured a permanent position at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern. In 1905, he submitted a successful PhD dissertation to the University of Zurich. In 1914, he moved to Berlin to join the Prussian Academy of Sciences and the Humboldt University of Berlin, becoming director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics in 1917; he also became a Prussian and consequently also German citizen again. In 1933, while Einstein was visiting the United States, Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany. Horrified by the Nazi persecution of his fellow Jews, he decided to remain in the US, and was granted American citizenship in 1940. On the eve of World War II, he endorsed a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt alerting him to the potential German nuclear weapons program and recommending that the US begin similar research, later carried out as the Manhattan Project.\nIn 1905, sometimes described as his annus mirabilis (miracle year), he published four groundbreaking papers. In them, he outlined a theory of the photoelectric effect, explained Brownian motion, introduced his special theory of relativity, and demonstrated that if the special theory is correct, mass and energy are equivalent to each other. In 1915, he proposed a general theory of relativity that extended his system of mechanics to incorporate gravitation. A paper that he published the following year laid out the implications of general relativity for the modeling of the structure and evolution of the universe as a whole. It introduced the cosmological constant and is further regarded as the first step in the field of modern theoretical cosmology. In 1917, Einstein wrote a paper which introduced the concepts of spontaneous emission and stimulated emission, the latter of which is the core mechanism behind the laser and maser, and which contained a trove of information that would be beneficial to developments in physics later on, such as quantum electrodynamics and quantum optics.\nIn the middle part of his career, Einstein made important contributions to statistical mechanics and quantum theory. Especially notable was his work on the quantum physics of radiation, in which light consists of particles, subsequently called photons. With physicist Satyendra Nath Bose, he laid the groundwork for Bose–Einstein statistics. For much of the last phase of his academic life, Einstein worked on two endeavors that ultimately proved unsuccessful. First, he advocated against quantum theory's introduction of fundamental randomness into science's picture of the world, objecting that \"God does not play dice\". Second, he attempted to devise a unified field theory by generalizing his geometric theory of gravitation to include electromagnetism. As a result, he became increasingly isolated from mainstream modern physics. Many things are named after him, including the element Einsteinium. In 1999, he was named Time's Person of the Century.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein", "commonsUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Albert_Einstein_Head_cleaned.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "artist": "Orren Jack Turner", "credit": "This image is available from the United States Library of Congress 's Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID cph.3b46036 . This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing .", "imageName": "File:Albert_Einstein_Head_cleaned.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Albert_Einstein_Head_cleaned.jpg/960px-Albert_Einstein_Head_cleaned.jpg", "localImage": "images/global-icons-01-albert-einstein.jpg" }, { "id": "global-icons-02-marilyn-monroe", "groupId": "global-icons", "groupTitle": "A. Ultra-recognizable global icons", "requestedTitle": "Marilyn Monroe", "title": "Marilyn Monroe", "rationale": "film icon", "wikidataId": "Q4616", "wikidataDescription": "American actress and model (1926–1962)", "sitelinks": 239, "extract": "Marilyn Monroe ( MARR-ə-lin mən-ROH; born Norma Jeane Mortenson; June 1, 1926 – August 4, 1962) was an American actress and model. Known for playing comic \"Blonde bombshell\" characters, she became one of the most popular sex symbols of the 1950s and early 1960s, as well as an emblem of the era's sexual revolution. She was a top-billed actress for a decade, and her films grossed $200 million (equivalent to $2 billion in 2025) by her death in 1962.\nBorn in Los Angeles, Monroe spent most of her childhood in foster homes and an orphanage before marrying James Dougherty at the age of 16. She was working in a factory during World War II when she met a photographer from the First Motion Picture Unit and began a successful pin-up modeling career, which led to short-lived film contracts with 20th Century Fox and Columbia Pictures. After roles as a freelancer, she began a longer contract with Fox in 1951, becoming a popular actress with roles in several comedies, including As Young as You Feel and Monkey Business, and in the dramas Clash by Night and Don't Bother to Knock. Monroe faced a scandal when it was revealed that she had posed for nude photographs prior to fame, but the story resulted in increased interest in her films.\nMonroe became one of the most marketable Hollywood stars in 1953. She had leading roles in the film noir Niagara, which overtly relied on her sex appeal, and the comedies Gentlemen Prefer Blondes and How to Marry a Millionaire, which established her star image as a \"dumb blonde\". The same year, her nude images were used as the centerfold and cover of the first issue of Playboy. Monroe played a significant role in the creation and management of her public image, but felt disappointed when typecast and underpaid by the studio. She was briefly suspended in early 1954 for refusing a film project but returned to star in The Seven Year Itch (1955), one of the biggest box office successes of her career.\nWhen the studio was still reluctant to change Monroe's contract, she founded her own film production company in 1954 with her friend Milton Greene. She dedicated 1955 to building the company and began studying method acting under Lee Strasberg at the Actors Studio. Later that year, Fox awarded her a new contract, which gave her more control and a larger salary. Her subsequent roles included a critically acclaimed performance in Bus Stop (1956) and her first independent production in The Prince and the Showgirl (1957), for which she received a BAFTA nomination, and won the David di Donatello Award for Best Actress. She won a Golden Globe for her role in Some Like It Hot (1959), a critical and commercial success. Her last completed film was the drama The Misfits (1961).\nMonroe's troubled private life received much attention. Her marriages to retired baseball star Joe DiMaggio and to playwright Arthur Miller were highly publicized; both ended in divorce. On August 4, 1962, Monroe died at the age of 36 of a barbiturate overdose at her Los Angeles home. Her death was ruled a probable suicide. Monroe remains a pop culture icon, with the American Film Institute ranking her as the sixth-greatest female screen legend from the Golden Age of Hollywood.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe", "commonsUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monroecirca1953.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "artist": "Bert Parry", "credit": "Page 39", "imageName": "File:Monroecirca1953.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Monroecirca1953.jpg/960px-Monroecirca1953.jpg", "localImage": "images/global-icons-02-marilyn-monroe.jpg" }, { "id": "global-icons-03-michael-jackson", "groupId": "global-icons", "groupTitle": "A. Ultra-recognizable global icons", "requestedTitle": "Michael Jackson", "title": "Michael Jackson", "rationale": "music icon", "wikidataId": "Q2831", "wikidataDescription": "American singer, songwriter, record producer, and dancer (1958–2009)", "sitelinks": 324, "extract": "Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American singer, songwriter, dancer, and philanthropist. Dubbed the \"King of Pop\", he is widely regarded as one of the most culturally significant figures of the 20th century. His musical achievements broke American racial barriers and made him a dominant figure worldwide. Through his songs, concerts, and fashion, he proliferated visual performance for artists in popular music, popularizing street dance moves such as the moonwalk, the robot, and the anti-gravity lean. Jackson is often deemed the greatest entertainer of all time.\nThe eighth child of the Jackson family, he made his public debut at age six as the lead singer of the Jackson 5. Jackson rose to solo stardom with the album Off the Wall (1979) and achieved unprecedented global success with Thriller (1982), the best-selling album in history. The music videos for the singles \"Thriller\", \"Beat It\", and \"Billie Jean\" redefined the medium. Bad (1987) was the first album to produce five US Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles: \"I Just Can't Stop Loving You\", \"Bad\", \"The Way You Make Me Feel\", \"Man in the Mirror\", and \"Dirty Diana\". Dangerous (1991) and HIStory (1995) produced the US number-one singles \"Black or White\" and \"You Are Not Alone\". Jackson's final album, Invincible (2001), is the most expensive ever made.\nFrom the mid-1980s, Jackson came under public scrutiny for his relationships, lifestyle and changing appearance. He was accused of sexually abusing a child in 1993, and settled out of court in 1994. In 2005, Jackson was acquitted of further abuse allegations and other charges. While preparing for This Is It, a series of comeback concerts, he died in 2009 from an overdose of propofol administered by his personal physician, Conrad Murray. Jackson's death created unprecedented surges of internet traffic and a spike in his music sales.\nJackson is one of the best-selling music artists of all time, with estimated sales of over 500 million records worldwide as a solo artist. He is one of three musicians to have sold more than 100 million records both as a solo artist and as a principal member of a band. Jackson scored 13 number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100 and is the only artist to have a US top-ten single in six decades. His accolades include 13 Grammy Awards, the Grammy Legend Award, the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, 26 American Music Awards, 12 World Music Awards, 8 MTV Video Music Awards, 6 Brit Awards, and 3 US presidential honors. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice, the Songwriters Hall of Fame, and the Dance Hall of Fame. Having donated an estimated $500 million, Jackson is credited with setting a standard for celebrity charity.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson", "commonsUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson_1983_(3x4_cropped)_(contrast).jpg", "license": "Public domain", "artist": "Matthew Rolston; Distributed by Epic Records", "credit": "Worthpoint Immediate from iHeart", "imageName": "File:Michael_Jackson_1983_(3x4_cropped)_(contrast).jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Michael_Jackson_1983_%283x4_cropped%29_%28contrast%29.jpg/960px-Michael_Jackson_1983_%283x4_cropped%29_%28contrast%29.jpg", "localImage": "images/global-icons-03-michael-jackson.jpg" }, { "id": "global-icons-04-cristiano-ronaldo", "groupId": "global-icons", "groupTitle": "A. Ultra-recognizable global icons", "requestedTitle": "Cristiano Ronaldo", "title": "Cristiano Ronaldo", "rationale": "football icon", "wikidataId": "Q11571", "wikidataDescription": "Portuguese association football player", "sitelinks": 209, "extract": "Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro (born 5 February 1985), nicknamed CR7, is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a forward for and captains both Saudi Pro League club Al-Nassr and the Portugal national team. Widely regarded as one of the greatest players in history and the greatest Portuguese player ever, he has won numerous individual accolades throughout his career, including five Ballons D'or, a record three UEFA Men's Player of the Year Awards, and four European Golden Shoes. He was also named the world's best player five times by FIFA. \nRonaldo is one of the most decorated players in the history of professional football, having won 35 trophies in his career, including five UEFA Champions Leagues, two UEFA Nations Leagues and the UEFA European Championship. He holds the records for most goals (140) and assists (42) in the Champions League, goals (14) and assists (8) in the European Championship, and most international appearances (229), men's international goals (143) and most international victories (139). He is the only player to have scored 100 goals with four different clubs and to finish as top scorer in four different domestic leagues. He has made over 1,300 professional career appearances, the most by an outfield player, and has scored over 970 official senior career goals for club and country, making him the top goalscorer of all time.\nBorn in Funchal, Madeira, Ronaldo began his career with Sporting CP before signing with Manchester United in 2003. He gradually established himself as an integral player for the club, and won three consecutive Premier League titles, the Champions League, and the FIFA Club World Cup. This resulted in the 2007–08 season, Ronaldo winning his second Premier League Player of the Season award and his first Ballon d'Or at age 23, making him the second Premier League player ever to win the award. In 2009, Ronaldo became the subject of the then-most expensive transfer in history when he joined Real Madrid in a deal worth €94 million (£80 million). At Madrid, he was at the forefront of the club's resurgence as a dominant European force, helping them win four Champions Leagues between 2014 and 2018, including the long-awaited La Décima in 2014, where he set the record for most goals scored in a Champions League season. He also won two La Liga titles, and became the club's all-time top goalscorer. This led him to win four Ballons D'or in 2013, 2014, 2016 and 2017. \nFollowing issues with the club hierarchy, Ronaldo signed for Juventus in 2018 in a transfer worth a league record of €100 million, where he was pivotal in winning two consecutive Serie A titles and a Coppa Italia. He also won the Capocannoniere in 2021 as the league's top scorer and was named Serie A Footballer of the Year back-to-back in 2019 and 2020. In 2021, he returned to Manchester United, but had his contract terminated in 2022 after a dispute with the club's management. Ronaldo joined Al-Nassr in 2023, and led them to the Saudi Pro League title in 2026, while also finishing as the league top scorer back-to-back in 2024 and 2025.\nRonaldo made his international debut for Portugal in 2003 at the age of 18 and has earned more than 200 caps, making him history's most-capped male player. He has played in twelve major tournaments. He scored his first international goal in Euro 2004, where he helped Portugal reach the final and subsequently made the Team of the Tournament. He assumed the captaincy of the national team ahead of Euro 2008; and at Euro 2012, he was named in the team of the tournament. Ronaldo led Portugal to their first major tournament title at Euro 2016, being named in the team of the tournament for the third time. In the 2018 World Cup, he had his most prolific World Cup campaign with four goals. He received the Golden Boot as the top scorer of Euro 2020 before playing in his fifth World Cup at the 2022 World Cup. He has won two UEFA Nations Leagues, in 2019 and 2025, finishing as the top scorer in both the tournaments. \n\nOne of the world's most marketable and famous athletes, Ronaldo has been ranked by Sportico as the third highest-paid athlete of all time in April 2026, and as the highest-paid athlete of the year for three consecutive years between 2023 and 2025. He was also ranked the world's highest-paid athlete by Forbes on five occasions, the most in history, and the world's most famous athlete by ESPN from 2016 to 2019. In 2026, Ronaldo appeared on the World’s Billionaires list for the first time at $1.2B net worth. Time included him on their list of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2014. He is the most popular sportsperson on social media: he counts over 1 billion total followers across Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and Instagram, making him the first person to achieve that feat. Ronaldo was named in the UEFA Ultimate Team of the Year in 2015, the All-time UEFA Euro XI in 2016, and the Ballon d'Or Dream Team in 2020. In recognition of his record-breaking goalscoring success, he received special awards for Outstanding Career Achievement by FIFA in 2021 and Champions League All-Time Top Scorer by UEFA in 2024.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo", "commonsUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:President_Donald_Trump_meets_with_Cristiano_Ronaldo_in_the_Oval_Office_(54933344262)_(cropped_and_rotated).jpg", "license": "Public domain", "artist": "The White House", "credit": "https://i.pinimg.com/736x/db/17/6d/db176d636c7e986fe29830c42b0202b2.jpg", "imageName": "File:President_Donald_Trump_meets_with_Cristiano_Ronaldo_in_the_Oval_Office_(54933344262)_(cropped_and_rotated).jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/President_Donald_Trump_meets_with_Cristiano_Ronaldo_in_the_Oval_Office_%2854933344262%29_%28cropped_and_rotated%29.jpg", "localImage": "images/global-icons-04-cristiano-ronaldo.jpg" }, { "id": "global-icons-05-lionel-messi", "groupId": "global-icons", "groupTitle": "A. Ultra-recognizable global icons", "requestedTitle": "Lionel Messi", "title": "Lionel Messi", "rationale": "football icon", "wikidataId": "Q615", "wikidataDescription": "Argentine association football player (born 1987)", "sitelinks": 219, "extract": "Lionel Andrés \"Leo\" Messi (born 24 June 1987) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a forward for and captains both the Major League Soccer club Inter Miami and the Argentina national team. Widely regarded as one of the greatest players in history, Messi has set numerous records for individual accolades won throughout his professional footballing career, including eight Ballons d'Or, six European Golden Shoes, and eight times being named the world's best player by FIFA. In 2025, he was named the All Time Men's World Best Player by the IFFHS. \nMessi is the most decorated player in the history of professional football, having won 46 team trophies. His records include most goals in a calendar year (91), most goals for a single club (672 for Barcelona), most goals in La Liga (474), tied most goals scored in the FIFA World Cup (16), and most assists in international football (61). Messi has scored over 910 senior career goals and provided over 410 assists for club and country, resulting in over 1,320 goal contributions—the highest total in the sport's history.\nMessi made his competitive debut for Barcelona at age 17 in October 2004. He gradually established himself as an integral player for the club, and during his first uninterrupted season in 2008–09 he helped Barcelona achieve the first treble in Spanish football. This resulted in Messi winning the first of four consecutive Ballon d'Ors, and by the 2011–12 season he had set the European record for most goals in a season and established himself as Barcelona's all-time top scorer. During the 2014–15 season, where he became the all-time top scorer in La Liga, he led Barcelona to a historic second treble, earning his fifth Ballon d'Or. Messi was named Barcelona's captain in 2018. While playing for the club, he won a club-record 34 trophies, including ten La Liga titles and four UEFA Champions Leagues. Financial difficulties at Barcelona led Messi to depart in August 2021 and sign with Paris Saint-Germain, where he won the Ligue 1 title during both of his seasons there. He joined the Major League Soccer club Inter Miami in July 2023, and led them to their first MLS Cup victory in 2025, while also winning back-to-back league MVP awards in 2024 and 2025.\nAn Argentine international, Messi is the national team's all-time leading goalscorer and most-capped player. Several years after his senior debut in 2005, he won the gold medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics. Assuming captaincy in 2011, he led Argentina to three consecutive finals in the 2014 World Cup, the 2015 Copa América and the Copa América Centenario, all of which they lost. After announcing his retirement from international football in 2016, he returned to help Argentina qualify for the 2018 World Cup. Messi was central to ending Argentina's 28-year trophy drought by winning the 2021 Copa América. In 2022, he led Argentina to a World Cup victory, the country's first in 36 years. Messi's third major international title arrived when Argentina won the 2024 Copa América.\nMessi has endorsed the sportswear company Adidas since 2006. He was ranked the world's highest-paid athlete by Forbes in 2019 and 2022, and was among Time's 100 most influential people in the world in 2011, 2012, and 2023. In 2020 and 2023, he was named the Laureus World Sportsman of the Year, the first team-sport athlete to win the award. In 2020, Messi was named to the Ballon d'Or Dream Team and became the second footballer and second team-sport athlete to surpass $1 billion in career earnings. In 2026, Messi appeared on the World's Billionaires list for the first time at $1.1B net worth. Following his arrival and impact on football in the United States, Messi was named Time's Athlete of the Year in 2023, and was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by US president Joe Biden in 2025.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Messi", "commonsUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lionel_Messi_White_House_2026_(3x4_cropped).jpg", "license": "Public domain", "artist": "The White House", "credit": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/202101414@N05/55132763289/", "imageName": "File:Lionel_Messi_White_House_2026_(3x4_cropped).jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Lionel_Messi_White_House_2026_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/960px-Lionel_Messi_White_House_2026_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg", "localImage": "images/global-icons-05-lionel-messi.jpg" }, { "id": "global-icons-06-taylor-swift", "groupId": "global-icons", "groupTitle": "A. Ultra-recognizable global icons", "requestedTitle": "Taylor Swift", "title": "Taylor Swift", "rationale": "music icon", "wikidataId": "Q26876", "wikidataDescription": "American singer-songwriter (born 1989)", "sitelinks": 174, "extract": "Taylor Alison Swift (born December 13, 1989) is an American singer-songwriter. An influential figure in popular culture, she is known for her autobiographical songwriting and artistic reinventions. Swift is the highest-grossing live music artist, the wealthiest female musician, and one of the best-selling music artists of all time.\nSwift signed with Big Machine Records in 2005 and debuted as a country singer with the albums Taylor Swift (2006) and Fearless (2008). The singles \"Teardrops on My Guitar\", \"Love Story\", and \"You Belong with Me\" found crossover success on country and pop radio formats. Swift incorporated elements of rock on Speak Now (2010) and an eclectic mix of pop and rock styles on Red (2012). She recalibrated her artistic identity from country to pop with the synth-pop album 1989 (2014), while ensuing media scrutiny inspired the trap-pop–imbued Reputation (2017). Through the 2010s, Swift accumulated the US Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles \"We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together\", \"Shake It Off\", \"Blank Space\", \"Bad Blood\", and \"Look What You Made Me Do\".\nShifting to Republic Records in 2018, Swift released the eclectic pop album Lover (2019) and re-recorded four of her first six albums due to a dispute with Big Machine. She explored indie folk on the 2020 albums Folklore and Evermore, synth-pop on Midnights (2022) and The Tortured Poets Department (2024), and soft rock on The Life of a Showgirl (2025). The singles \"Cardigan\", \"Willow\", \"All Too Well (Taylor's Version)\", \"Anti-Hero\", \"Cruel Summer\", \"Is It Over Now?\", \"Fortnight\", \"The Fate of Ophelia\", \"Opalite\", and \"I Knew It, I Knew You\" topped the Hot 100. Her Eras Tour (2023–2024) and its associated film, Taylor Swift: The Eras Tour (2023), are the highest-grossing concert tour and concert film of all time.\nSwift is the only artist to have been named the IFPI Global Recording Artist of the Year six times. A record eight of her albums have each sold over a million copies first-week in the US. Publications such as Rolling Stone and Billboard have ranked Swift among the greatest artists of all time. She is the first individual from the arts to be named Time Person of the Year (2023) and the youngest female inductee into the Songwriters Hall of Fame (2026). Her accolades include 14 Grammy Awards—including a record four Album of the Year wins—and a Primetime Emmy Award. Swift is the most-awarded artist of the American Music Awards, the Billboard Music Awards, and the MTV Video Music Awards. A subject of extensive media coverage, she has a global fanbase known as Swifties.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Swift", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "artist": "iHeartRadioCA", "credit": "YouTube : #taylorswift on the #vmas pink carpet – View/save archived versions on archive.org (See specific archived version)", "imageName": "File:Taylor_Swift_at_the_2023_MTV_Video_Music_Awards_(3).png", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Taylor_Swift_at_the_2023_MTV_Video_Music_Awards_%283%29.png/960px-Taylor_Swift_at_the_2023_MTV_Video_Music_Awards_%283%29.png", "localImage": "images/global-icons-06-taylor-swift.png" }, { "id": "global-icons-07-barack-obama", "groupId": "global-icons", "groupTitle": "A. Ultra-recognizable global icons", "requestedTitle": "Barack Obama", "title": "Barack Obama", "rationale": "political icon", "wikidataId": "Q76", "wikidataDescription": "president of the United States from 2009 to 2017 (born 1961)", "sitelinks": 340, "extract": "Barack Hussein Obama II (born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, he was the first African American to serve as president. Obama previously served as a U.S. senator representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008 and as an Illinois state senator from 1997 to 2004.\nBorn in Honolulu, Obama graduated from Columbia University in 1983 and later worked as a community organizer in Chicago. In 1988, Obama enrolled at Harvard Law School, where he was the first Black president of the Harvard Law Review. He became a civil rights attorney and an academic, teaching constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. In 1996, Obama was elected to represent the 13th district in the Illinois Senate, a position he held until 2004, when he successfully ran for the U.S. Senate. In the 2008 presidential election, after a close primary campaign against Hillary Clinton, he was nominated by the Democratic Party for president. Obama selected Joe Biden as his running mate and defeated Republican nominee John McCain and his running mate Sarah Palin.\nObama was awarded the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize for efforts in international diplomacy, a decision that drew both praise and criticism. During his first term, his administration responded to the 2008 financial crisis with measures including the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 to address the Great Recession; a partial extension of the Bush tax cuts; legislation to reform health care; and the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, a major financial regulation reform bill. Obama also appointed Supreme Court justices Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan, the former being the first Hispanic American on the Supreme Court. Obama also oversaw the end of the Iraq War and ordered Operation Neptune Spear, the raid that killed Osama bin Laden, who was the leader of al-Qaeda and was responsible for the September 11 attacks. He downplayed Bush's counterinsurgency model by expanding air strikes and making extensive use of special forces, while encouraging greater reliance on host-government militaries. Obama also ordered the 2011 military intervention in Libya to implement United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, which contributed to the overthrow of Muammar Gaddafi.\nObama defeated Republican opponent Mitt Romney and his running mate Paul Ryan in the 2012 presidential election. In his second term, Obama advocated for gun control in the wake of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, took steps to combat climate change by signing the Paris Agreement on climate change and an executive order to limit carbon emissions, and presided over the implementation of the Affordable Care Act and other legislation passed during his first term. Obama also initiated sanctions against Russia following its invasion in Ukraine and again after Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. elections. He ordered military intervention in Iraq after gains made by ISIL following the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, negotiated the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (a nuclear agreement with Iran), and normalized relations with Cuba. The number of American soldiers in Afghanistan decreased during Obama's second term, though U.S. soldiers remained in the country throughout his presidency. He also promoted inclusion for LGBT Americans, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to publicly support same-sex marriage.\nObama left office in 2017. He remains politically active, campaigning for candidates in American elections, including in Biden's successful presidential bid in the 2020 presidential election. Outside politics, Obama has published three books: Dreams from My Father (1995), The Audacity of Hope (2006), and A Promised Land (2020). His presidential center, on the South Side of Chicago opened in June 2026. Historians and political scientists rank Obama highly in historical rankings of U.S. presidents.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama", "commonsUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:President_Barack_Obama.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "artist": "Official White House Photo by Pete Souza", "credit": "P120612PS-0463 ( direct link ) https://web.archive.org/web/20160227060205/https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-obama (Official White House page - direct link )", "imageName": "File:President_Barack_Obama.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/960px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg", "localImage": "images/global-icons-07-barack-obama.jpg" }, { "id": "global-icons-08-elizabeth-ii", "groupId": "global-icons", "groupTitle": "A. Ultra-recognizable global icons", "requestedTitle": "Queen Elizabeth II", "title": "Elizabeth II", "rationale": "royal icon", "wikidataId": "Q9682", "wikidataDescription": "Queen of the United Kingdom from 1952 to 2022 (1926–2022)", "sitelinks": 253, "extract": "Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during her lifetime and was the monarch of 15 realms at her death. Her reign of 70 years and 214 days is the longest of any British monarch, the second-longest of any sovereign state, and the longest of any queen regnant in history.\nElizabeth was born in Mayfair, London, during the reign of her paternal grandfather, King George V. She was the first child of the Duke and Duchess of York (later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother). Her father acceded to the throne in 1936 upon the abdication of his brother Edward VIII, making the ten-year-old Princess Elizabeth the heir presumptive. She was educated privately at home and began to undertake public duties during the Second World War, serving in the Auxiliary Territorial Service. In November 1947, she married Philip Mountbatten, a former prince of Greece and Denmark. They had four children: Charles, Anne, Andrew, and Edward.\nWhen her father died in February 1952, Elizabeth, then 25 years old, became queen of seven independent Commonwealth countries and head of the Commonwealth. She reigned as a constitutional monarch through times of significant political change such as the Troubles in Northern Ireland, devolution in the United Kingdom, the decolonisation of Africa, and the United Kingdom's accession to the European Communities as well as its subsequent withdrawal. The number of her realms varied over time as territories gained independence and as most realms became republics. As queen, Elizabeth was advised by more than 170 prime ministers across her realms. Her many historic visits and meetings included state visits to China in 1986, to Russia in 1994, and to the Republic of Ireland in 2011; she met five popes and fourteen US presidents.\nSignificant events of Elizabeth's reign included her coronation in 1953 and the celebrations of her Silver, Golden, Diamond, and Platinum jubilees. Although there was occasional republican sentiment and media criticism of her family – particularly after the breakdowns of her children's marriages, her annus horribilis in 1992, and the death of her former daughter-in-law Diana in 1997 – support for the monarchy and her popularity in the United Kingdom remained consistently high. Elizabeth died aged 96 at Balmoral Castle in Scotland, and was succeeded by her eldest son, Charles III.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II", "commonsUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_(retouched)_(cropped)_(3-to-4_aspect_ratio).jpg", "license": "Public domain", "artist": "Donald McKague", "credit": "Flickr : Queen Elizabeth II wearing crown, blue sash and pink gown This is a retouched picture , which means that it has been digitally altered from its original version. Modifications made by nagualdesign .", "imageName": "File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_(retouched)_(cropped)_(3-to-4_aspect_ratio).jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_%28retouched%29_%28cropped%29_%283-to-4_aspect_ratio%29.jpg", "localImage": "images/global-icons-08-elizabeth-ii.jpg" }, { "id": "global-icons-09-donald-trump", "groupId": "global-icons", "groupTitle": "A. Ultra-recognizable global icons", "requestedTitle": "Donald Trump", "title": "Donald Trump", "rationale": "political icon", "wikidataId": "Q22686", "wikidataDescription": "American businessman and politician (born 1946), President of the United States (2017–2021; since 2025)", "sitelinks": 328, "extract": "Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who is the 47th president of the United States. A member of the Republican Party, he served as the 45th president from 2017 to 2021.\nBorn into a wealthy New York City family, Trump graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1968 with a bachelor's degree in economics. He became the president of his family's real estate business in 1971, renamed it the Trump Organization, and began acquiring and building skyscrapers, hotels, casinos, and golf courses. He launched side ventures, many licensing the Trump name, and filed for six business bankruptcies in the 1990s and 2000s. From 2004 to 2015, he hosted the reality television show The Apprentice, bolstering his fame as a billionaire. Presenting himself as a political outsider, Trump won the 2016 presidential election against Democratic Party nominee Hillary Clinton.\nDuring his first presidency, Trump imposed a travel ban on seven Muslim-majority countries, expanded the Mexico–United States border wall, and enforced a family separation policy on the border. He rolled back environmental and business regulations, signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, and appointed three Supreme Court justices. He withdrew the U.S. from agreements on climate and trade, and started a trade war with China. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, he downplayed its severity, contradicted health officials, and signed the CARES Act. After losing the 2020 presidential election to Joe Biden, Trump refused to concede defeat and attempted to overturn the result, resulting in the January 6 Capitol attack in 2021. He was impeached twice—in 2019 for abuse of power and obstruction of Congress and in 2021 for incitement of insurrection—and acquitted by the Senate both times.\nIn 2023, Trump was found liable in New York state civil cases for sexual abuse and defamation and for business fraud. In May 2024, he was found guilty in a New York state court on 34 counts of falsifying business records, making him the first U.S. president convicted of a felony. After winning the 2024 presidential election against Vice President Kamala Harris, he was given a no-penalty sentence, and two federal felony indictments for retention of classified documents and obstruction of the 2020 election were dismissed without prejudice.\nTrump began his second presidency by initiating mass layoffs of federal workers. He imposed tariffs on nearly all countries at the highest level since the Great Depression and signed the One Big Beautiful Bill Act. His administration's actions—including the targeting of political opponents and civil society, restriction of transgender rights, mass deportation of undocumented immigrants, and extensive use of executive orders—have drawn over 550 lawsuits challenging their legality. In Latin America, he pursued a campaign to attack alleged drug traffickers, and ordered a military raid into Venezuela to capture the country's president. In the Middle East, he authorized joint U.S.–Israeli strikes on Iran that resulted in the 2026 Iran war.\nSince 2015, Trump's leadership style and political agenda—often referred to as Trumpism—have reshaped the Republican Party's identity. Many of his comments and actions have been characterized as racist or misogynistic. He has made many false or misleading statements during his campaigns and presidency, to a degree unprecedented in American politics, and promotes conspiracy theories. Trump's actions have been described by researchers as authoritarian and contributing to democratic backsliding. After his first term, scholars and historians ranked him as one of the worst presidents in American history.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump", "commonsUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Official_Presidential_Portrait_of_President_Donald_J._Trump_(2025)_(cropped)(2).jpg", "license": "Public domain", "artist": "Daniel Torok", "credit": "White House Facebook", "imageName": "File:Official_Presidential_Portrait_of_President_Donald_J._Trump_(2025)_(cropped)(2).jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Official_Presidential_Portrait_of_President_Donald_J._Trump_%282025%29_%28cropped%29%282%29.jpg/960px-Official_Presidential_Portrait_of_President_Donald_J._Trump_%282025%29_%28cropped%29%282%29.jpg", "localImage": "images/global-icons-09-donald-trump.jpg" }, { "id": "global-icons-10-beyonce", "groupId": "global-icons", "groupTitle": "A. Ultra-recognizable global icons", "requestedTitle": "Beyoncé", "title": "Beyoncé", "rationale": "music icon", "wikidataId": "Q36153", "wikidataDescription": "American singer, songwriter, record producer, and dancer (born 1981)", "sitelinks": 173, "extract": "Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter ( bee-ON-say; née Knowles; born September 4, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, actress, and businesswoman. Known for her vocal ability, artistic reinventions, and live performances, she is widely regarded as one of the most culturally significant figures of the 21st century. Credited with shaping popular music, Beyoncé is often deemed one of the greatest entertainers of all time.\nBeyoncé rose to fame in the late 1990s as the lead singer of Destiny's Child, one of the best-selling girl groups in history. Her debut solo album, Dangerously in Love (2003), became one of the best-selling albums of the 21st century. After Destiny's Child disbanded in 2005, Beyoncé released the funk-imbued B'Day (2006) and starred in the drama film Dreamgirls (2006). Her marriage to rapper Jay-Z and portrayal of Etta James in the biopic Cadillac Records (2008) influenced her pop-oriented double album I Am... Sasha Fierce (2008). Through the 2000s, Beyoncé garnered the US Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles \"Crazy in Love\", \"Baby Boy\", \"Check on It\", \"Irreplaceable\", and \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\".\nAfter forming the management company Parkwood Entertainment, Beyoncé embraced traditional R&B and soul on 4 (2011). The electronic-influenced Beyoncé (2013) popularized surprise and visual albums, inspiring the setting of Friday as Global Release Day, while the eclectic Lemonade (2016) sparked sociopolitical discourse and was the best-selling album of 2016. Her ongoing trilogy project—consisting of the queer-inspired dance album Renaissance (2022) and the Americana-rooted country record Cowboy Carter (2024)—has highlighted the overlooked contributions of Black pioneers to American musical and cultural history, spawning the respective US number-one singles \"Break My Soul\" and \"Texas Hold 'Em\".\nBeyoncé is one of the best-selling music artists of all time, with estimated sales of over 200 million records. She is the most-certified female artist by the Recording Industry Association of America and the only woman whose first eight studio albums each debuted atop the US Billboard 200. One of the most-awarded artists in popular music, she is the recipient of a record 35 Grammy Awards, a Primetime Emmy Award, and a Peabody Award. Beyoncé is the most-awarded artist of the BET Awards (36), MTV Video Music Awards (30), NAACP Image Awards (32), and Soul Train Music Awards (25). The first woman to headline an all-stadium tour, she is the highest-grossing Black live music artist.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "artist": "Raph_PH", "credit": "BeyonceSpurs010623 (10 of 118)", "imageName": "File:Beyoncé_-_Tottenham_Hotspur_Stadium_-_1st_June_2023_(10_of_118)_(52946364598)_(best_crop).jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Beyonc%C3%A9_-_Tottenham_Hotspur_Stadium_-_1st_June_2023_%2810_of_118%29_%2852946364598%29_%28best_crop%29.jpg", "localImage": "images/global-icons-10-beyonce.jpg" }, { "id": "global-icons-11-leonardo-dicaprio", "groupId": "global-icons", "groupTitle": "A. Ultra-recognizable global icons", "requestedTitle": "Leonardo DiCaprio", "title": "Leonardo DiCaprio", "rationale": "film icon", "wikidataId": "Q38111", "wikidataDescription": "American actor and producer (born 1974)", "sitelinks": 149, "extract": "Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio ( ; Italian: [diˈkaːprjo]; born November 11, 1974) is an American actor and film producer. Known for his work in biographical and period films, he is the recipient of numerous accolades, including an Academy Award, an Actor Award, a British Academy Film Award, an Emmy Award, a Silver Bear and three Golden Globes. His films as a leading actor have grossed $7 billion worldwide, and he has been placed eight times in annual rankings of the world's highest-paid actors.\nBorn in Los Angeles, DiCaprio began his career in the late 1980s by appearing in television commercials. He had a recurring role in the sitcom Parenthood (1990–1991), and had his first major film part as author Tobias Wolff in This Boy's Life (1993). He received critical acclaim and his first Academy Award nomination for playing a developmentally disabled boy in What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1993). DiCaprio achieved international stardom with the star-crossed romances Romeo + Juliet (1996) and Titanic (1997). After the latter became the highest-grossing film in the world at the time, he reduced his workload for a few years. In an attempt to shed his image of a romantic hero, DiCaprio sought roles in other genres, including the 2002 crime dramas Catch Me If You Can and Gangs of New York; the latter marked the first of his many successful collaborations with director Martin Scorsese.\nDiCaprio continued to gain acclaim for his performances in the biopic The Aviator (2004), the political thriller Blood Diamond (2006), the crime drama The Departed (2006), and the romantic drama Revolutionary Road (2008). He later made environmental documentaries and starred in several high-profile directors' successful projects, including the thrillers Inception and Shutter Island (both 2010); the western Django Unchained (2012); the romantic drama The Great Gatsby (2013); the biopic The Wolf of Wall Street (2013); the survival drama The Revenant (2015), for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor; the comedy-drama Once Upon a Time in Hollywood (2019); the crime drama Killers of the Flower Moon (2023) and the action film One Battle After Another (2025).\nDiCaprio is the founder of Appian Way Productions—a production company that has made some of his films and the documentary series Greensburg (2008–2010)—and Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation, a nonprofit organization devoted to promoting environmental awareness. A United Nations Messenger of Peace, he regularly supports charitable causes. In 2005, he was named a Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters for his contributions to the arts, and in 2016, he appeared in Time magazine's 100 most influential people in the world. DiCaprio was voted one of the 50 greatest actors of all time in a 2022 readers' poll by Empire magazine.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_DiCaprio", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "artist": "Raph_PH", "credit": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/raph_ph/54940587709/", "imageName": "File:LeoPTABFI191125-28_(cropped).jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/LeoPTABFI191125-28_%28cropped%29.jpg", "localImage": "images/global-icons-11-leonardo-dicaprio.jpg" }, { "id": "global-icons-12-oprah-winfrey", "groupId": "global-icons", "groupTitle": "A. Ultra-recognizable global icons", "requestedTitle": "Oprah Winfrey", "title": "Oprah Winfrey", "rationale": "television icon", "wikidataId": "Q55800", "wikidataDescription": "American talk show host, actress, producer, and author (born 1954)", "sitelinks": 134, "extract": "Oprah Gail Winfrey (; born Orpah Gail Winfrey; January 29, 1954) is an American talk show host, television producer, actress, author, and media proprietor. She is best known for her talk show, The Oprah Winfrey Show, broadcast from Chicago, which ran in national syndication for 25 years, from 1986 to 2011. Globally, she is the richest Black woman and the wealthiest female celebrity. Dubbed the \"Queen of All Media\", she was the richest African-American of the 20th century and was once the world's only Black billionaire. By 2007, she was often ranked as the most influential woman in the world and in 2026 was named the greatest living self-made American.\nWinfrey was born into poverty in rural Mississippi to a single teenage mother and later raised in inner-city Milwaukee. Winfrey was then sent to live with the man she calls her father, Vernon Winfrey, a barber in Nashville, Tennessee, and landed a job in radio while still in high school. By 19, she was a co-anchor for the local evening news. Winfrey's often emotional, extemporaneous delivery eventually led to her transfer to the daytime talk show arena, and after boosting a third-rated local Chicago talk show to first place, she launched her own production company.\nCredited with creating a more intimate, confessional form of media communication, Winfrey popularized and revolutionized the tabloid talk show genre pioneered by Phil Donahue. By the mid-1990s, Winfrey had reinvented her show with a focus on literature, self-improvement, mindfulness, and spirituality. She has been criticized for unleashing a confession culture, promoting controversial self-help ideas, and having an emotion-centered approach, and has also been praised for overcoming adversity to become a benefactor to others. Winfrey also emerged as a political force in the 2008 presidential race, with her endorsement of Barack Obama estimated to have been worth about one million votes during the 2008 Democratic primaries. In the same year, she formed her own network, the Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN). In 2013, Winfrey was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama.\nIn 1994, Winfrey was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame. She has received honorary doctorate degrees from multiple universities. Winfrey has won many awards throughout her career, including 19 Daytime Emmy Awards (including the Lifetime Achievement Award and the Chairman's Award), 3 Primetime Emmy Awards (including the Bob Hope Humanitarian Award), a Tony Award, a Peabody Award, and the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award awarded by the Academy Awards, in addition to two competitive Academy Award nominations. Winfrey was elected as a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2021.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey", "commonsUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oprah_Winfrey_2016.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "artist": "US Embassy South Africa", "credit": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/usembassysa/30637612874/", "imageName": "File:Oprah_Winfrey_2016.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Oprah_Winfrey_2016.jpg/960px-Oprah_Winfrey_2016.jpg", "localImage": "images/global-icons-12-oprah-winfrey.jpg" }, { "id": "global-icons-13-elon-musk", "groupId": "global-icons", "groupTitle": "A. Ultra-recognizable global icons", "requestedTitle": "Elon Musk", "title": "Elon Musk", "rationale": "technology/business icon", "wikidataId": "Q317521", "wikidataDescription": "businessman and entrepreneur (born 1971)", "sitelinks": 199, "extract": "Elon Reeve Musk ( EE-lon; born June 28, 1971) is a businessman and former public official who is the CEO and largest shareholder of Tesla and SpaceX. Musk has been the wealthiest person in the world since 2025, and became the first and only trillionaire in terms of US dollars in 2026; as of June 2026, Forbes estimates his net worth to be US$1.2 trillion.\nBorn into the wealthy Musk family in Pretoria, South Africa, Musk emigrated in 1989 to Canada; he has Canadian citizenship since his mother was born there. He received bachelor's degrees in 1997 from the University of Pennsylvania before moving to California to pursue business ventures. In 1995, Musk co-founded Zip2, a web software company. Following its sale in 1999, he co-founded X.com, an e-commerce payment system that merged with Confinity in March 2000 to form PayPal, which was acquired by eBay in 2002. Musk also became an American citizen in 2002.\nIn 2002, Musk founded and became CEO and chief engineer of SpaceX, a space technology company; the company has since led innovations in reusable rockets and commercial spaceflight. Musk joined Tesla as an early investor in 2004 and became its CEO and product architect in 2008; it has since become a leader in electric vehicles. In 2015, Musk co-founded OpenAI to advance artificial intelligence (AI) research, but later left; growing discontent with the organization's direction and leadership in the AI boom in the 2020s led him to establish xAI, which became a subsidiary of SpaceX in 2026. In 2022, he acquired Twitter, a social networking service; he implemented significant changes and rebranded it as X in 2023. His other businesses include Neuralink, a neurotechnology company that he co-founded in 2016, and the Boring Company, a tunneling company that he founded in 2017. In November 2025, Tesla approved a pay package worth $1 trillion for Musk, which he is to receive over 10 years if certain milestones are met, including a market capitalization of $8.5 trillion.\nMusk is a supporter of global far-right politics, figures, and political parties. He was the largest donor in the 2024 U.S. presidential election, where he supported Donald Trump. After Trump was inaugurated as president in January 2025, Musk served as Senior Advisor to the President and as the de facto head of the Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE). Musk left the Trump administration in May 2025 and returned to managing his companies; shortly thereafter he had a public feud with Trump. \nMusk's political activities, statements and views have made him a polarizing figure. He has been criticized for making unscientific and misleading statements, including spreading COVID-19 misinformation, promoting conspiracy theories, and affirming antisemitic, white nationalist, racist, and transphobic comments. His acquisition of Twitter was controversial because, following his pledge to decrease censorship, there was an increase in hate speech and misinformation on the service. His role in the second Trump administration attracted public backlash, particularly in response to DOGE and USAID.\n\n", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "artist": "Gage Skidmore", "credit": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/gageskidmore/54820081119/", "imageName": "File:Elon_Musk_-_54820081119_(cropped).jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Elon_Musk_-_54820081119_%28cropped%29.jpg/960px-Elon_Musk_-_54820081119_%28cropped%29.jpg", "localImage": "images/global-icons-13-elon-musk.jpg" }, { "id": "global-icons-14-nelson-mandela", "groupId": "global-icons", "groupTitle": "A. Ultra-recognizable global icons", "requestedTitle": "Nelson Mandela", "title": "Nelson Mandela", "rationale": "political icon", "wikidataId": "Q8023", "wikidataDescription": "President of South Africa and anti-apartheid activist (1918–2013)", "sitelinks": 292, "extract": "Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela ( man-DEL-ə, Xhosa: [xolíɬaɬa mandɛ̂ːla]; born Rolihlahla Mandela; 18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013) was a South African anti-apartheid activist, statesman, and revolutionary who was the first president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the country's first Black head of state and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election. His administration focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid by fostering racial reconciliation, a national peace accord and eventual multiracial democracy. Ideologically an African nationalist and socialist, he served as the president of the African National Congress (ANC) party from 1991 to 1997.\nMandela was born into the Thembu royal family in Mvezo, South Africa. He studied law at the University of Fort Hare and the University of Witwatersrand before working as a lawyer in Johannesburg. There he became involved in anti-colonial and African nationalist politics, joining the ANC in 1943 and co-founding its Youth League in 1944. After the National Party's white-only government established apartheid, a system of racial segregation that privileged whites, Mandela and the ANC committed themselves to its overthrow. Rising to prominence for his involvement in the 1952 Defiance Campaign and the 1955 Congress of the People, he was repeatedly arrested for seditious activities and was unsuccessfully prosecuted in the 1956 Treason Trial. Influenced by Marxism, he secretly joined the banned South African Communist Party (SACP). Although initially committed to non-violent protest, in association with the SACP he co-founded the militant uMkhonto we Sizwe in 1961 that led a sabotage campaign against the apartheid government. Following the Rivonia Trial, he was sentenced to life imprisonment for conspiring to overthrow the state.\nMandela served 27 years in prison. Amid growing domestic and international pressure and fears of racial civil war, President F. W. de Klerk released him in 1990. Mandela and de Klerk led efforts to negotiate an end to apartheid, which resulted in the 1994 multiracial general election in which Mandela became president. Leading a broad coalition government which promulgated a new constitution, Mandela created the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate past human rights abuses. Economically, his administration retained its predecessor's liberal framework despite his own socialist beliefs, also introducing measures to encourage land reform, combat poverty and expand healthcare services. Internationally, Mandela acted as mediator in the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial and served as secretary-general of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 to 1999. He declined a second presidential term and was succeeded by Thabo Mbeki. Mandela focused on combating poverty and HIV/AIDS through the charitable Nelson Mandela Foundation.\nMandela was a controversial figure for much of his life. Although critics on the right denounced him as a communist terrorist and critics on the far left deemed him too eager to negotiate and reconcile with apartheid's supporters, he gained international acclaim for his activism. Globally regarded as an icon of moral leadership, peace, democracy and social justice, he received more than 250 honours, including the Nobel Peace Prize. He is held in deep respect within South Africa, where he is often referred to by his Thembu clan name, Madiba, and described as the \"Father of the Nation\". Mandela is widely considered one of the greatest and most admired figures of the 20th century.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0", "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0", "artist": "Kingkongphoto & www.celebrity-photos.com from Laurel", "credit": "Flickr : NELSON MANDELA", "imageName": "File:Nelson_Mandela_1994.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Nelson_Mandela_1994.jpg/960px-Nelson_Mandela_1994.jpg", "localImage": "images/global-icons-14-nelson-mandela.jpg" }, { "id": "global-icons-15-mahatma-gandhi", "groupId": "global-icons", "groupTitle": "A. Ultra-recognizable global icons", "requestedTitle": "Mahatma Gandhi", "title": "Mahatma Gandhi", "rationale": "political icon", "wikidataId": "Q1001", "wikidataDescription": "Indian independence activist (1869–1948)", "sitelinks": 283, "extract": "Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (; GAHN-dee; 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948) was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist and political ethicist who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India's independence from British rule, and to later inspire movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. The honorific Mahātmā (Sanskrit: \"great-souled\", \"venerable\"), first applied to him in 1914 in South Africa, is now used throughout the world.\nBorn and raised in a Hindu family in coastal Gujarat, Gandhi was trained in the law at the Inner Temple in London and was called to the bar at the age of 22. After two uncertain years in India, where he was unable to start a successful law practice, Gandhi moved to South Africa in 1893 to represent an Indian merchant in a lawsuit. He went on to live in South Africa for the next 21 years. Here, Gandhi raised a family and first employed nonviolent resistance in a campaign for civil rights. In 1915, aged 45, he returned to India and soon set about organising peasants, farmers, and urban labourers to protest against discrimination and excessive land tax.\nAssuming leadership of the Indian National Congress in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, expanding women's rights, building religious and ethnic amity, ending untouchability, and, above all, achieving swaraj or self-rule. Gandhi adopted the short dhoti woven with hand-spun yarn as a mark of identification with India's rural poor. He began to live in a self-sufficient residential community, to eat simple food, and undertake long fasts as a means of both introspection and political protest. Bringing anti-colonial nationalism to the common Indians, Gandhi led them in challenging the British-imposed salt tax with the 400 km (250 mi) Dandi Salt March in 1930 and in calling for the British to quit India in 1942. He was imprisoned many times and for many years in both South Africa and India.\nGandhi's vision of an independent India based on religious pluralism was challenged in the early 1940s by a Muslim nationalism which demanded a separate homeland for Muslims within British India. In August 1947, Britain granted independence, but the British Indian Empire was partitioned into two dominions, a Hindu-majority India and a Muslim-majority Pakistan. As many displaced Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs made their way to their new lands, religious violence broke out, especially in Punjab and Bengal. Abstaining from the official celebration of independence, Gandhi visited the affected areas, attempting to alleviate distress. In the months following, he undertook several hunger strikes to stop the religious violence. The last of these was begun in Delhi on 12 January 1948, when Gandhi was 78. The belief that Gandhi had been too resolute in his defence of both Pakistan and Indian Muslims spread among some Hindus in India. Among these was Nathuram Godse, a militant Hindu nationalist from Pune, western India, who assassinated Gandhi by firing three bullets into his chest at an interfaith prayer meeting in Delhi on 30 January 1948.\nGandhi's birthday, 2 October, is commemorated in India as Gandhi Jayanti, a national holiday, and worldwide as the International Day of Nonviolence. Gandhi is considered to be the Father of the Nation in post-colonial India. During India's nationalist movement and in several decades immediately after, he was also commonly called Bapu, an endearment roughly meaning \"father\".", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi", "commonsUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mahatma-Gandhi,_studio,_1931.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "artist": "Elliott & Fry", "credit": "philogalichet.fr ( context )", "imageName": "File:Mahatma-Gandhi,_studio,_1931.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mahatma-Gandhi%2C_studio%2C_1931.jpg/960px-Mahatma-Gandhi%2C_studio%2C_1931.jpg", "localImage": "images/global-icons-15-mahatma-gandhi.jpg" }, { "id": "global-icons-16-martin-luther-king-jr", "groupId": "global-icons", "groupTitle": "A. Ultra-recognizable global icons", "requestedTitle": "Martin Luther King Jr.", "title": "Martin Luther King Jr.", "rationale": "civil rights icon", "wikidataId": "Q8027", "wikidataDescription": "American Baptist minister and civil rights leader (1929–1968)", "sitelinks": 245, "extract": "Martin Luther King Jr. (born Michael King Jr.; January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American civil rights activist and Baptist minister who was a prominent leader of the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968. He advanced civil rights for people of color in the United States through the use of nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience against Jim Crow laws and other forms of legalized discrimination, which most commonly affected African Americans.\nA Black church leader, King participated in and led marches for the right to vote, desegregation, labor rights, and other civil rights. He oversaw the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott and was the first president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), leading the unsuccessful Albany Movement in Albany, Georgia, and helping organize nonviolent 1963 protests in Birmingham, Alabama. King was one of the leaders of the 1963 March on Washington, where he delivered his \"I Have a Dream\" speech, and helped organize two of the three Selma to Montgomery marches during the 1965 Selma voting rights movement. There were dramatic standoffs with segregationist authorities, who often responded violently. The civil rights movement achieved pivotal legislative gains in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968.\nKing was jailed several times. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) director J. Edgar Hoover considered King a radical and made him an object of COINTELPRO from 1963. FBI agents investigated him for possible communist ties, spied on his personal life, and secretly recorded him. In 1964, the FBI mailed King a threatening anonymous letter, which he interpreted as an attempt to make him commit suicide. King won the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolent resistance. In his final years, he expanded his focus to include opposition towards poverty and the Vietnam War.\nIn 1968, King was planning a national occupation of Washington, D.C., to be called the Poor People's Campaign, when he was assassinated on April 4 in Memphis, Tennessee. James Earl Ray was convicted of the assassination, though it remains the subject of conspiracy theories. King's death led to riots in US cities. King was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1977 and Congressional Gold Medal in 2003. Martin Luther King Jr. Day was established as a holiday in cities and states throughout the United States beginning in 1971; the federal holiday was first observed in 1986. The Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., was dedicated in 2011.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr.", "commonsUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_King,_Jr..jpg", "license": "Public domain", "artist": "Creator:Bernie Faingold", "credit": "Description page ( direct link )", "imageName": "File:Martin_Luther_King,_Jr..jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr..jpg/960px-Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr..jpg", "localImage": "images/global-icons-16-martin-luther-king-jr.jpg" }, { "id": "global-icons-17-muhammad-ali", "groupId": "global-icons", "groupTitle": "A. Ultra-recognizable global icons", "requestedTitle": "Muhammad Ali", "title": "Muhammad Ali", "rationale": "boxing icon", "wikidataId": "Q36107", "wikidataDescription": "American boxer (1942–2016)", "sitelinks": 182, "extract": "Muhammad Ali ( ah-LEE; born Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr.; January 17, 1942 – June 3, 2016) was an American professional boxer and activist. A global cultural icon, widely known by the nickname \"the Greatest\", he is often regarded as the greatest heavyweight boxer of all time. He held the Ring magazine heavyweight title from 1964 to 1970, was the undisputed champion from 1974 to 1978, and was the WBA and Ring heavyweight champion from 1978 to 1979. In 1999, he was named Sportsman of the Century by Sports Illustrated and the Sports Personality of the Century by the BBC.\nBorn in Louisville, Kentucky, he began training as an amateur boxer at age 12. At 18, he won a gold medal in the light heavyweight division at the 1960 Summer Olympics and turned professional later that year. He joined the Nation of Islam in the early 1960s, but later transitioned to Sunni Islam in the mid-1970s after the death of its longtime leader, Elijah Muhammad. He won the world heavyweight championship, defeating Sonny Liston in a major upset on February 25, 1964, at age 22. During that year, he denounced his birth name as a \"slave name\" and formally changed his name to Muhammad Ali. In 1967, Ali refused to be drafted into the military, owing to his religious beliefs and ethical opposition to the Vietnam War, and was found guilty of draft evasion and stripped of his boxing titles. He stayed out of prison while appealing the decision to the Supreme Court, where his conviction was overturned in 1971. He did not fight for nearly four years and lost a period of peak performance as an athlete. Ali's actions as a conscientious objector to the Vietnam War made him an icon for the larger counterculture of the 1960s generation, and he became a prominent, high-profile figure of racial pride for African Americans during the civil rights movement and throughout his career.\nAli fought in several highly publicized boxing matches, including fights with Liston, Joe Frazier (including the Fight of the Century, which at the time was the biggest boxing event, and the Thrilla in Manila), and George Foreman in The Rumble in the Jungle. At a time when many boxers let their managers do the talking, Ali became renowned for his provocative and outlandish persona. He was famous for trash talking, often free-styled with rhyme schemes and spoken word poetry, and is identified as a pioneer in hip-hop. He often predicted in which round he would knock out his opponent. As a boxer, Ali was known for his unorthodox movement, footwork, head movement, and rope-a-dope technique, among others.\nOutside boxing, Ali performed as a spoken word artist, releasing two studio albums: I Am the Greatest! (1963) and The Adventures of Ali and His Gang vs. Mr. Tooth Decay (1976). Both albums received Grammy Award nominations. He also featured as an actor and writer, releasing two autobiographies. Ali retired from boxing in 1981 and focused on religion, philanthropy, and activism. In 1984, he made public his diagnosis of Parkinson's syndrome, which some reports attributed to boxing-related injuries, though he and his specialist physicians disputed this. He remained an active public figure, but in his later years made fewer public appearances as his condition worsened, and was cared for by his family until his death in 2016.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali", "commonsUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Muhammad_Ali_NYWTS.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "artist": "Ira Rosenberg", "credit": "This image is available from the United States Library of Congress 's Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID cph.3c15435 . This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing .", "imageName": "File:Muhammad_Ali_NYWTS.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Muhammad_Ali_NYWTS.jpg/960px-Muhammad_Ali_NYWTS.jpg", "localImage": "images/global-icons-17-muhammad-ali.jpg" }, { "id": "global-icons-18-serena-williams", "groupId": "global-icons", "groupTitle": "A. Ultra-recognizable global icons", "requestedTitle": "Serena Williams", "title": "Serena Williams", "rationale": "tennis icon", "wikidataId": "Q11459", "wikidataDescription": "American tennis player (1981)", "sitelinks": 124, "extract": "Serena Jameka Williams (born September 26, 1981) is an American professional tennis player. She was ranked as the world No. 1 in women's singles by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) for 319 weeks (third-most of all time), and finished as the year-end No. 1 five times. Williams won 73 WTA Tour–level singles titles, including 23 major women's singles titles—the most in the Open Era, and the second-most of all time. She is the only player to accomplish a career Golden Slam in both singles and doubles, and the only player to have simultaneously held Olympic gold and all four major titles in both singles and doubles.\nAlong with her elder sister Venus, Serena Williams was coached by her parents Oracene Price and Richard Williams. Turning professional in 1995, she won her first major singles title at the 1999 US Open. From the 2002 French Open to the 2003 Australian Open she was dominant, winning all four major singles titles consecutively (each time over Venus in the final) to achieve a non-calendar year Grand Slam (nicknamed the \"Serena Slam\"). The next few years saw Williams capture two more major singles titles, but suffer from injury and decline in form. Starting in 2007, however, she gradually returned to form despite continued injuries, reclaiming the world No. 1 singles ranking. Beginning with the 2012 Wimbledon Championships, Williams returned to dominance, claiming Olympic gold (completing the career Golden Slam in singles) and winning eight out of thirteen singles majors, including all four in a row in 2014–2015 to achieve a second \"Serena Slam\". At the 2017 Australian Open, she won her 23rd major singles title, surpassing Steffi Graf's Open Era record. After becoming pregnant, Williams took a break from professional tennis, but reached four major finals upon returning to play. In August 2022, Williams announced her impending \"evolution\" away from professional tennis, and played her final match at the 2022 US Open. She is expected to make a return at the 2026 Queen's Club Championships, playing doubles with Victoria Mboko.\nWilliams also won 23 WTA Tour-level doubles titles, including 14 major women's doubles championships, all with her sister Venus. The pair was undefeated in major doubles finals, earning the best unbeaten record in major finals in any discipline of the sport. The sisters achieved a non-calendar year Grand Slam between the 2009 Wimbledon Championships and the 2010 French Open, which granted them the doubles world No. 1 ranking. Williams won four Olympic gold medals, three in women's doubles—an all-time joint record in tennis, shared with her sister. The duo are the only women in the Open Era to win Olympic gold in both singles and doubles. Williams also won two mixed doubles majors, both in 1998. She is the only player, male or female, to complete three career Golden Slams—one in women's singles and two in women's doubles.\nThe ascent of the Williams sisters has been credited with ushering in a new era of power and athleticism on the women's professional tennis tour. Serena is the most recent woman to simultaneously hold all four major singles titles (2002–2003 and 2014–2015), and to win the Surface Slam (major titles on hard, clay and grass courts in the same calendar year), which she accomplished in 2015. She is also, with Venus, the most recent player to have simultaneously held all four major women's doubles titles (2009–2010).\nWilliams was the world's highest paid woman athlete in 2016, earning almost $29 million. She repeated this feat in 2017 when she was the only woman on Forbes' list of the 100 highest-paid athletes, with $27 million in prize money and endorsements. She is the highest-earning woman athlete of all time.\nWilliams won the Laureus World Sportswoman of the Year a record four times (2003, 2010, 2016, 2018), Comeback of the Year once (2007), and in December 2015 was named Sportsperson of the Year by Sports Illustrated magazine. In 2020, the Tennis Channel ranked Williams as the greatest women's tennis player of all time. She received the Princess of Asturias Award for Sport in 2025.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serena_Williams", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "artist": "SWinxy", "credit": "Own work", "imageName": "File:Guests_at_the_2026_Met_Gala_209_(cropped).jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Guests_at_the_2026_Met_Gala_209_%28cropped%29.jpg", "localImage": "images/global-icons-18-serena-williams.jpg" }, { "id": "global-icons-19-madonna", "groupId": "global-icons", "groupTitle": "A. Ultra-recognizable global icons", "requestedTitle": "Madonna", "title": "Madonna", "rationale": "music icon", "wikidataId": "Q1744", "wikidataDescription": "American singer, songwriter, and actress (born 1958)", "sitelinks": 190, "extract": "Madonna Louise Ciccone ( chih-KOH-nee; born August 16, 1958) is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, and actress. Dubbed the \"Queen of Pop\", she is known for her continual reinvention and versatility in music production, songwriting, and visual presentation. Her works, which concern social, political, sexual, and religious themes, have generated both controversy and critical acclaim. Regarded as one of the most influential musicians of all time, Madonna broke gender barriers in popular music and has a significant socio-cultural impact across her career. \nMadonna moved to New York City in 1978 to pursue a career in dance. After performing as a drummer, guitarist, and vocalist in the rock bands Breakfast Club and Emmy, she rose to stardom with her debut studio album, Madonna (1983). She has scored eighteen multi-platinum albums globally, including Like a Virgin (1984), True Blue (1986), and The Immaculate Collection (1990)—some of the best-selling albums of all time—and Confessions on a Dance Floor (2005), her 21st-century bestseller. Like a Prayer (1989), Ray of Light (1998), and Music (2000) were ranked among Rolling Stone's greatest albums of all time. Madonna's top-charting singles include \"Like a Virgin\", \"Papa Don't Preach\", \"La Isla Bonita\", \"Like a Prayer\", \"Vogue\", \"Take a Bow\", \"Frozen\", \"Music\", \"Hung Up\", and \"4 Minutes\".\nMadonna has starred in films such as Desperately Seeking Susan (1985), Dick Tracy (1990), A League of Their Own (1992), and Evita (1996). Although many of her films were not well-received, she won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress for portraying the titular politician in the lattermost. Her business endeavors encompass the entertainment company Maverick (1992–2009), which included Maverick Records—one of the most successful artist-run labels. Madonna has also pursued fashion brands, written works, health clubs, and filmmaking. She contributes to various charities, having founded the Ray of Light Foundation in 1998 and Raising Malawi in 2006, and advocates for gender equality and LGBT rights.\nMadonna is the best-selling female music artist of all time and the first female performer to accumulate US$1 billion from her concerts. She has twelve number-one singles on the US Billboard Hot 100 and holds the record for the most chart-toppers on a singular Billboard chart. Her accolades include seven Grammy Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, twenty MTV Video Music Awards, and an induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in her first year of eligibility. Madonna was the world's highest-paid female musician for a record eleven years across four decades (1980s–2010s). She has become the subject of various scholarly, literary, and artistic works, giving rise to an academic subfield known as Madonna studies.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "artist": "Raph_PH", "credit": "MadonnaO2171023 (97 of 133)", "imageName": "File:MadonnaO2171023_(97_of_133)_(53269593787)_(cropped).jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/MadonnaO2171023_%2897_of_133%29_%2853269593787%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/960px-MadonnaO2171023_%2897_of_133%29_%2853269593787%29_%28cropped%29.jpg", "localImage": "images/global-icons-19-madonna.jpg" }, { "id": "global-icons-20-tom-cruise", "groupId": "global-icons", "groupTitle": "A. Ultra-recognizable global icons", "requestedTitle": "Tom Cruise", "title": "Tom Cruise", "rationale": "film icon", "wikidataId": "Q37079", "wikidataDescription": "American actor and producer (born 1962)", "sitelinks": 126, "extract": "Thomas Cruise Mapother IV (born July 3, 1962) is an American actor and film producer. Regarded as a Hollywood icon, he has received various accolades, including an Honorary Palme d'Or, an Academy Honorary Award, and three Golden Globes, in addition to nominations for four competitive Academy Awards. As of 2026, his films have grossed more than $13.3 billion worldwide, placing him among the highest-grossing actors of all time. One of Hollywood's most bankable stars, he is consistently one of the world's highest-paid actors.\nCruise began acting in the early 1980s and made his breakthrough with leading roles in Risky Business (1983) and Top Gun (1986), the latter earning him a reputation as a sex symbol. Critical acclaim came with his roles in the dramas The Color of Money (1986), Rain Man (1988), and Born on the Fourth of July (1989). For his portrayal of Ron Kovic in the latter, he won a Golden Globe Award and received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor. As a leading Hollywood star in the 1990s, he starred in commercially successful films, including the drama A Few Good Men (1992), the thriller The Firm (1993), the horror film Interview with the Vampire (1994), and the sports comedy-drama Jerry Maguire (1996); for the latter, he won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor and his second nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor. Cruise's performance in the drama Magnolia (1999) earned him another Golden Globe Award and a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.\nCruise subsequently established himself as a star of science fiction and action films, often performing his own risky stunts. He played fictional agent Ethan Hunt in the Mission: Impossible film series. His other films in the genre include Vanilla Sky (2001), Minority Report (2002), The Last Samurai (2003), Collateral (2004), War of the Worlds (2005), Knight and Day (2010), Jack Reacher (2012), Oblivion (2013), Edge of Tomorrow (2014), and Top Gun: Maverick (2022).\nCruise holds the Guinness World Record for the most consecutive $100-million-grossing movies, a feat achieved with eleven films released between 2012 and 2025. In December 2024, he was awarded the U.S. Navy's highest civilian honor, the Distinguished Public Service Award, in recognition of his \"outstanding contributions\" to the military, with his screen roles. In March 2025, he was named the recipient of the British Film Institute Fellowship, the BFI's highest honor, for his contributions to cinema. Forbes ranked him as the world's most powerful celebrity in 2006. He was named People's Sexiest Man Alive in 1990, and received the top honor of \"Most Beautiful People\" in 1997. Outside his film career, Cruise has been an outspoken advocate for the Church of Scientology, which has resulted in controversy and scrutiny of his involvement in the organization. An aviation enthusiast, he has held a pilot certificate since 1994.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cruise", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "artist": "Kevin Paul", "credit": "Own work", "imageName": "File:Tom_Cruise_at_53rd_Saturn_Awards_2026-01.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Tom_Cruise_at_53rd_Saturn_Awards_2026-01.jpg/960px-Tom_Cruise_at_53rd_Saturn_Awards_2026-01.jpg", "localImage": "images/global-icons-20-tom-cruise.jpg" }, { "id": "global-icons-21-jackie-chan", "groupId": "global-icons", "groupTitle": "A. Ultra-recognizable global icons", "requestedTitle": "Jackie Chan", "title": "Jackie Chan", "rationale": "film/martial arts icon", "wikidataId": "Q36970", "wikidataDescription": "Hong Kong actor and martial artist (born 1954)", "sitelinks": 161, "extract": "Chan Kong-sang (born 7 April 1954), also known as Fang Shilong and known professionally as Jackie Chan and Sing Lung, is a Hong Kong martial artist, actor and filmmaker, known for his slapstick, acrobatic fighting style, comic timing, and innovative stunts, which he typically performs himself. With a film career spanning more than sixty years, he is regarded as one of the most iconic and influential martial artists in the history of cinema. Films in which he has appeared have grossed over $6 billion worldwide.\nStarting as one of the Seven Little Fortunes at the China Drama Academy, where he was trained in acrobatics, martial arts and acting, Chan entered the Hong Kong film industry as a stuntman before making the transition to acting. His breakthrough came with the action comedy Snake in the Eagle's Shadow (1978). He then starred in similar action comedies such as Drunken Master (1978) and The Young Master (1980). He made his directorial debut with The Fearless Hyena (1979), which was a box office success. Throughout the 1980s, he was part of the \"Three Dragons\" along with Sammo Hung and Yuen Biao; the three starred in six Hong Kong films together. Project A (1983) saw the official formation of the Jackie Chan Stunt Team and established Chan's signature style of elaborate, dangerous stunts combined with martial arts and slapstick humor, a style he further developed in a more modern setting with Wheels on Meals (1984) and Police Story (1985). Rumble in the Bronx (1995), which had a successful worldwide theatrical run, brought Chan into the North American mainstream. By the mid-1990s, he was the most popular action movie star in Asia and Europe.\nChan gained Hollywood success for portraying Chief Inspector Lee in the American buddy cop action comedy film Rush Hour (1998), a role he reprised in two sequels. He went on to work both in American and Chinese films, appearing in the Shanghai film series (2000–2003), New Police Story (2004), Rob-B-Hood (2006), Little Big Soldier (2010), Shaolin (2011), and The Shadow's Edge (2025), among others. The Forbidden Kingdom (2008) marked his first collaboration with fellow martial arts star Jet Li. He has played martial arts mentor Mr. Han in two Karate Kid films, the 2010 remake The Karate Kid and Karate Kid: Legends (2025). For CZ12 (2012), he earned two Guinness World Records for \"Most Stunts Performed by a Living Actor\" and \"Most Credits in One Movie\". He played against type in Shinjuku Incident (2009) and The Foreigner (2017). His voice acting work includes all three Chinese versions of Mulan (1998), the first three films in the Kung Fu Panda franchise (2008–2016), and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutant Mayhem (2023). \nOne of the most recognizable and influential film personalities in the world, Chan was described by film scholar Andrew Willis in 2004 as perhaps \"the most recognized star in the world.\" He has received fame stars on the Hong Kong Avenue of Stars and the Hollywood Walk of Fame, as well as an honorary Academy Award in 2016. Chan has been referenced in various pop songs, films, television series, and video games. He has an award named after him, the Jackie Chan Action Movie Awards. He is an operatically trained vocalist who has released several pop music albums and performed theme songs for some of the films in which he starred. He is also a philanthropist and was named one of the top 10 most charitable celebrities by Forbes in 2011. In 2016, Forbes ranked him the second-highest-paid actor in the world.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Chan", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "artist": "Segolene Liger", "credit": "Own work", "imageName": "File:Jackie_Chan.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Jackie_Chan.jpg", "localImage": "images/global-icons-21-jackie-chan.jpg" }, { "id": "global-icons-22-bruce-lee", "groupId": "global-icons", "groupTitle": "A. Ultra-recognizable global icons", "requestedTitle": "Bruce Lee", "title": "Bruce Lee", "rationale": "film/martial arts icon", "wikidataId": "Q16397", "wikidataDescription": "Hong Kong–American martial artist and actor (1940–1973)", "sitelinks": 162, "extract": "Bruce Lee (born Lee Jun-fan; November 27, 1940 – July 20, 1973) was a Hong Kong and American martial artist, actor, and filmmaker. He was the founder of Jeet Kune Do, a hybrid martial arts philosophy, which was formed from his experiences in unarmed fighting and self-defense—as well as eclectic, Zen Buddhist, and Taoist philosophies—as a new school of martial arts thought. With a career spanning Hong Kong and the United States, Lee is regarded as the first global Chinese film star and one of the most influential martial artists in the history of cinema. Known for his roles in five feature-length martial arts films, he is credited with helping to popularize martial arts films in the 1970s and promoting Hong Kong action cinema.\nBorn in San Francisco and raised in Hong Kong, Lee was introduced to the Hong Kong film industry as a child actor by his father, Lee Hoi-chuen. Lee's early martial arts experience included Wing Chun (trained under Ip Man), tai chi, boxing (winning a Hong Kong boxing tournament), and frequent street fighting (neighborhood and rooftop fights). He moved to Seattle in 1959, enrolling at the University of Washington in 1961. It was during this time that Lee began to consider making money by teaching martial arts, even though he aspired to have a career in acting. He opened his first martial arts school, operated out of his home in Seattle. After later adding a second school in Oakland, California, Lee once drew significant attention at the 1964 Long Beach International Karate Championships of California by making demonstrations and speaking. He subsequently moved to Los Angeles to teach, where his students included Chuck Norris, Sharon Tate, and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar.\nLee's roles in the United States, including Kato in the ABC action television series The Green Hornet (1966–1967), introduced him to American audiences. After returning to Hong Kong in 1971, he landed his first leading role in The Big Boss (1971), directed by Lo Wei. A year later, Lee starred in Fist of Fury (1972), in which he portrayed Chen Zhen, and The Way of the Dragon (1972), which he directed and wrote. Lee went on to star in the American-Hong Kong co-production Enter the Dragon (1973) and The Game of Death (1978). His Hong Kong- and Hollywood-produced films, all of which were commercially successful, elevated Hong Kong martial arts films to a new level of popularity and acclaim, sparking a surge of Western interest in Chinese martial arts. The direction and tone of Lee's films, including their fight choreography and diversification, dramatically influenced and changed martial arts and martial arts films worldwide. With his influence, kung fu films began to displace the wuxia film genre—fights were choreographed more realistically, fantasy elements were discarded for real-world conflicts, and the characterisation of the male lead went from simply being a chivalrous hero to one that embodied the notion of masculinity.\nLee's career was cut short by his sudden death at the age of 32 from brain edema, the causes of which remain a matter of dispute. Nevertheless, Lee's films remained popular, gained a large cult following, and became widely imitated and exploited. He became an iconic figure known throughout the world, particularly among the Chinese, based upon his portrayal of Cantonese culture in his films, and among Asian Americans for defying Asian stereotypes in the United States. Even after his death, Lee has continued to be a prominent influence on modern combat sports, including judo, karate, mixed martial arts, and boxing, as well as modern popular culture, including film, television, comics, animation, and video games. Time magazine named him one of the 100 most important people of the 20th century.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Lee", "commonsUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bruce_Lee_as_Chen_Zhen_(4x5_cropped).jpg", "license": "Public domain", "artist": "National General Pictures", "credit": "https://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/1972-bruce-lee-original-photo-chinese-4778712342", "imageName": "File:Bruce_Lee_as_Chen_Zhen_(4x5_cropped).jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Bruce_Lee_as_Chen_Zhen_%284x5_cropped%29.jpg/960px-Bruce_Lee_as_Chen_Zhen_%284x5_cropped%29.jpg", "localImage": "images/global-icons-22-bruce-lee.jpg" }, { "id": "global-icons-23-rihanna", "groupId": "global-icons", "groupTitle": "A. Ultra-recognizable global icons", "requestedTitle": "Rihanna", "title": "Rihanna", "rationale": "music/fashion icon", "wikidataId": "Q36844", "wikidataDescription": "Barbadian singer (born 1988)", "sitelinks": 156, "extract": "Robyn Rihanna Fenty ( ree-AN-ə; born February 20, 1988) is a Barbadian singer, songwriter, businesswoman, and actress. An influential figure in popular culture, she is known for her multifaceted career, artistic reinventions, and eclectic fashion style. With estimated sales exceeding 250 million records, Rihanna is one of the best-selling music artists of all time.\nAfter signing with Def Jam Recordings, Rihanna debuted with the Caribbean-inspired records Music of the Sun (2005) and A Girl Like Me (2006), both of which reached the top ten of the US Billboard 200. Their respective lead singles, \"Pon de Replay\" and \"SOS\", peaked at numbers two and one on the US Billboard Hot 100. Adopting a more mature image, Rihanna rose to stardom and transitioned to dance-pop and R&B with her best-selling album Good Girl Gone Bad (2007) and its reissue, subtitled Reloaded (2008). The project yielded a string of successful songs, including the US number-one singles \"Umbrella\", \"Take a Bow\", and \"Disturbia\". Her guest appearances on \"Live Your Life\", \"Love the Way You Lie\", and \"The Monster\" also topped the Billboard Hot 100.\nAfter exploring more personal themes on the rock-influenced record Rated R (2009), Rihanna returned to her more upbeat sound with the dance-pop albums Loud (2010) and Talk That Talk (2011), and topped the Billboard 200 with her synth-pop set Unapologetic (2012). Departing from Def Jam in favour of Roc Nation, she released the eclectic Anti (2016)—her second number-one album. These albums contained the US number-one singles \"Rude Boy\", \"Only Girl (In the World)\", \"What's My Name?\", \"S&M\", \"We Found Love\", \"Diamonds\", and \"Work\". Since 2016, Rihanna has been releasing singles and performing sporadically. She has also ventured into acting, and her film roles include Battleship (2012), Home (2015), Ocean's 8 (2018), and Smurfs (2025).\nRihanna is the recipient of numerous accolades, including nine Grammy Awards, twelve Billboard Music Awards, thirteen American Music Awards, and seven MTV Video Music Awards. She is the highest-certified female digital single artist by the Recording Industry Association of America, and has eight diamond-certified singles and fourteen number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100. The first female musician to achieve billionaire status, Rihanna founded the nonprofit Clara Lionel Foundation, the cosmetics brand Fenty Beauty, and the fashion brand Fenty under LVMH. She was named an ambassador by the Government of Barbados in 2018 and declared a National Hero of Barbados in 2021.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihanna", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "artist": "SIGMA", "credit": "Vimeo : Fenty Beauty by Rihanna ( view archived source )", "imageName": "File:Rihanna_Fenty_2018.png", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Rihanna_Fenty_2018.png", "localImage": "images/global-icons-23-rihanna.png" }, { "id": "global-icons-24-lady-gaga", "groupId": "global-icons", "groupTitle": "A. Ultra-recognizable global icons", "requestedTitle": "Lady Gaga", "title": "Lady Gaga", "rationale": "music/film icon", "wikidataId": "Q19848", "wikidataDescription": "American singer, songwriter, and actress (born 1986)", "sitelinks": 196, "extract": "Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta (born March 28, 1986), known professionally as Lady Gaga, is an American singer, songwriter, and actress. Known for her image reinventions and versatility across the entertainment industry, she is an influential figure in popular music. With estimated sales of 124 million records, she is one of the best-selling music artists of all time. Publications such as Billboard and Rolling Stone have ranked her among the greatest artists in history.\nAfter signing with Interscope Records in 2007, Gaga achieved global recognition with her debut album, The Fame (2008), and its reissue, The Fame Monster (2009). The project yielded a string of successful singles, including \"Just Dance\", \"Poker Face\", and \"Bad Romance\", which made her one of the few artists with at least three Diamond-certified songs in the US. Her second studio album, Born This Way (2011), explored electronic rock and techno-pop and sold 1.1 million copies first-week in the US. Its title track became the fastest-selling song on the iTunes Store, with over one million downloads in less than a week. Following her electronic dance music-influenced third album, Artpop (2013), she pursued jazz on the album Cheek to Cheek (2014) with Tony Bennett, and delved into soft rock on the album Joanne (2016).\nGaga also ventured into acting, gaining praise for her leading roles in the miniseries American Horror Story: Hotel (2015–2016) and the films A Star Is Born (2018) and House of Gucci (2021). Her contributions to the A Star Is Born soundtrack, which spawned the chart-topping single \"Shallow\", made her the first person to win an Academy, BAFTA, Golden Globe, and Grammy Award in one year. Gaga returned to her early sound with the pop-oriented albums Chromatica (2020) and Mayhem (2025), which respectively included the number-one singles \"Rain on Me\" and \"Die with a Smile\". She also continued to explore jazz with Love for Sale (2021), her second and final album with Bennett, and the soundtrack Harlequin (2024).\nIn the United States, Gaga has seven number-one albums and six number-one songs on the Billboard 200 and Billboard Hot 100 charts, respectively. She is the first female artist with four singles that each sold at least 10 million copies globally and holds the record for the most-attended concert by a woman. The highest-paid female musician in 2011, she has received 16 Grammy Awards, 22 MTV Video Music Awards, 2 Golden Globe Awards, a Sports Emmy Award, and a recognition from the Songwriters Hall of Fame. Gaga's philanthropy and activism focus on mental health awareness and LGBTQ rights. Her business ventures include vegan cosmetics brand Haus Labs and the non-profit Born This Way Foundation, which supports the wellness of young people.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "artist": "Carlos M. Vazquez II", "credit": "210120-D-WD757-1720", "imageName": "File:Lady_Gaga_at_Joe_Biden's_inauguration_(cropped_5).jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Lady_Gaga_at_Joe_Biden%27s_inauguration_%28cropped_5%29.jpg/960px-Lady_Gaga_at_Joe_Biden%27s_inauguration_%28cropped_5%29.jpg", "localImage": "images/global-icons-24-lady-gaga.jpg" }, { "id": "global-icons-25-bill-gates", "groupId": "global-icons", "groupTitle": "A. Ultra-recognizable global icons", "requestedTitle": "Bill Gates", "title": "Bill Gates", "rationale": "technology/business icon", "wikidataId": "Q5284", "wikidataDescription": "American businessman, investor, and philanthropist (born 1955)", "sitelinks": 242, "extract": "William Henry Gates III (born October 28, 1955) is an American businessman and philanthropist. A pioneer of the microcomputer revolution of the 1970s and 1980s, he co-founded the software company Microsoft in 1975 with his childhood friend Paul Allen. Following Microsoft's initial public offering in 1986 and the subsequent increase in its stock price, Gates became the world's then-youngest billionaire in 1987, at age 31. Forbes magazine ranked him as the world's wealthiest person in their The World's Billionaires list for 18 out of 24 years between 1995 and 2017, including 13 years consecutively from 1995 to 2007. Gates became the first centibillionaire in 1999, when his net worth briefly surpassed US$100 billion. According to Forbes, as of February 2026, his net worth stood at US$107.7 billion, making him the 18th-wealthiest individual in the world.\nBorn and raised in Seattle, Washington, Gates was privately educated at Lakeside School, where he befriended Allen and developed his computing interests. In 1973, he enrolled at Harvard University, where he took classes including Math 55 and graduate-level computer science courses, but he dropped out in 1975 to co-found and lead Microsoft. He served as its CEO for the next 25 years and also became president and chairman of the board when the company was incorporated in 1981. Succeeded as CEO by Steve Ballmer in 2000, he transitioned to chief software architect, a position he held until 2008. He stepped down as chairman of the board in 2014 and became technology adviser to CEO Satya Nadella and other Microsoft leaders, a position he still holds. He resigned from the board in 2020.\nOver time, Gates reduced his role at Microsoft to focus on his philanthropic work with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the world's largest private charitable organization, which he and his then-wife, Melinda French Gates, co-chaired from 2000 until 2024. Focusing on areas including health, education, and poverty alleviation, Gates became known for his efforts to combat transmissible diseases such as tuberculosis, malaria, and polio. After French Gates resigned as co-chair following the couple's divorce, the foundation was renamed the Gates Foundation, with Gates as its sole chair.\nGates is the founder and chairman of several other companies, including BEN, Cascade Investment, TerraPower, Gates Ventures, and Breakthrough Energy. In 2010, he and Warren Buffett founded the Giving Pledge, whereby they and other billionaires pledged to give at least half their wealth to philanthropy. Named as one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century by Time magazine in 1999, he has received numerous other honors and accolades, including a Presidential Medal of Freedom, awarded jointly to him and French Gates in 2016 for their philanthropic work. The subject of several documentary films, he published the first of three planned memoirs, Source Code: My Beginnings, in 2025.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "artist": "Bogdan Hoyaux / European Union", "credit": "https://audiovisual.ec.europa.eu/en/photo/P-067383~2F00-01", "imageName": "File:Bill_Gates_at_the_European_Commission_-_P067383-987995_(cropped)_5.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bill_Gates_at_the_European_Commission_-_P067383-987995_%28cropped%29_5.jpg/960px-Bill_Gates_at_the_European_Commission_-_P067383-987995_%28cropped%29_5.jpg", "localImage": "images/global-icons-25-bill-gates.jpg" }, { "id": "global-icons-26-steve-jobs", "groupId": "global-icons", "groupTitle": "A. Ultra-recognizable global icons", "requestedTitle": "Steve Jobs", "title": "Steve Jobs", "rationale": "technology/business icon", "wikidataId": "Q19837", "wikidataDescription": "American entrepreneur; co-founder of Apple Inc. (1955–2011)", "sitelinks": 228, "extract": "Steven Paul Jobs (February 24, 1955 – October 5, 2011) was an American businessman, inventor, and investor. A pioneer of the personal computer revolution of the 1970s and 1980s, Jobs co-founded Apple Inc. with his early business partner Steve Wozniak as Apple Computer Company in 1976. After the company's board of directors fired him in 1985, he founded NeXT the same year and purchased Pixar in 1986, becoming its chairman and majority shareholder until 2007. Jobs returned to Apple in 1997 as CEO, where he was closely involved with the creation and promotion of many of the company's most influential products until his resignation in 2011.\nJobs was born in San Francisco in 1955 and adopted shortly afterward. He attended Reed College in 1972 before withdrawing that same year. In 1974, he traveled through India, seeking enlightenment before later studying Zen Buddhism. He and Wozniak co-founded Apple in 1976 to further develop and sell Wozniak's Apple I personal computer. Together, the duo gained fame and wealth a year later with the production and sale of the Apple II, one of the first highly successful mass-produced microcomputers. \nJobs saw the commercial potential of the Xerox Alto in 1979, which was mouse-driven and had a graphical user interface (GUI). This led to the development of the largely unsuccessful Apple Lisa in 1983, followed by the breakthrough Macintosh 128K in 1984, the first mass-produced computer with a GUI. The Macintosh launched the desktop publishing industry in 1985 (for example, the Aldus PageMaker) with the addition of the Apple LaserWriter, the first laser printer to feature vector graphics and PostScript.\nIn 1985, Jobs departed Apple after a long power struggle with the company's board and its then-CEO, John Sculley. That same year, Jobs took some Apple employees with him to found NeXT, a computer platform development company that specialized in computers for higher education and business markets, serving as its CEO. In 1986, he bought the computer graphics division of Lucasfilm, which was spun off independently as Pixar. Pixar produced the first computer-animated feature film, Toy Story (1995), and became a leading animation studio, producing dozens of commercially successful and critically acclaimed films.\nIn 1997, Jobs returned to Apple as CEO after the company acquired NeXT. He was largely responsible for reviving Apple, which was on the verge of bankruptcy. He worked closely with British designer Jony Ive to develop a line of products and services that had larger cultural ramifications, beginning with the \"Think different\" advertising campaign and leading to the iMac, iTunes, Mac OS X, Apple Store, iPod, iTunes Store, iPhone, App Store, and iPad. Jobs was also a member of the board of directors at Gap Inc. from 1999 to 2002. In 2003, Jobs was diagnosed with a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor. He died of tumor-related respiratory arrest in 2011; in 2022, he was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Since his death, he has been granted 141 patents; Jobs holds over 450 patents in total.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "artist": "Matthew Yohe", "credit": "I ( Matt Yohe ( talk )) created this work entirely by myself.", "imageName": "File:Steve_Jobs_Headshot_2010_(cropped_4).jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Steve_Jobs_Headshot_2010_%28cropped_4%29.jpg/960px-Steve_Jobs_Headshot_2010_%28cropped_4%29.jpg", "localImage": "images/global-icons-26-steve-jobs.jpg" }, { "id": "global-icons-27-diana-princess-of-wales", "groupId": "global-icons", "groupTitle": "A. Ultra-recognizable global icons", "requestedTitle": "Diana, Princess of Wales", "title": "Diana, Princess of Wales", "rationale": "royal icon", "wikidataId": "Q9685", "wikidataDescription": "member of the British royal family and Princess of Wales (1961–1997)", "sitelinks": 151, "extract": "Diana, Princess of Wales (born Diana Frances Spencer; 1 July 1961 – 31 August 1997), was a member of the British royal family. She was the first wife of Charles III (then Prince of Wales) and mother of Princes William and Harry. Her activism and glamour made her an international icon and earned her enduring popularity.\nDiana was born into the British nobility and grew up close to the royal family, living at Park House on their Sandringham estate. In 1981, while working as a nursery teacher's assistant, she became engaged to Charles, the eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II. Their wedding took place at St Paul's Cathedral in July 1981 and made her Princess of Wales, a role in which she was enthusiastically received by the public. The couple had two sons, William and Harry, who were then respectively second and third in the line of succession to the British throne. Diana's marriage to Charles suffered due to their incompatibility and extramarital affairs. They separated in 1992, soon after the breakdown of their relationship became public knowledge. Their marital difficulties were widely publicised, and the couple divorced in 1996.\nAs Princess of Wales, Diana undertook royal duties on behalf of the Queen and represented her at functions across the Commonwealth realms. She was celebrated in the media for her beauty, style, charm, and later, her unconventional approach to charity work. Her patronages were initially centred on children and the elderly, but she later became known for her involvement in two particular campaigns: one involved the social attitudes towards and the acceptance of AIDS patients, and the other for the international removal of landmines, promoted through the International Red Cross. She also raised awareness and advocated for ways to help people affected by cancer and mental illness. Diana was initially noted for her shyness, but her charisma and friendliness endeared her to the public and helped her reputation survive the public collapse of her marriage. Considered photogenic, she was regarded as a fashion icon.\nIn August 1997, Diana died after a car crash in Paris; the incident led to extensive public mourning and global media attention. An inquest returned a verdict of unlawful killing due to gross negligence by a driver and the paparazzi pursuing her as found in Operation Paget, an investigation by the Metropolitan Police. Her legacy has had a significant impact on the royal family and British society.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana%2C_Princess_of_Wales", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0", "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0", "artist": "John Mathew Smith & www.celebrity-photos.com from Laurel Maryland, USA ( Archived link)", "credit": "BEST ALL-TIME DIANA! ( Archived link)", "imageName": "File:Diana,_Princess_of_Wales_1997_(2).jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Diana%2C_Princess_of_Wales_1997_%282%29.jpg", "localImage": "images/global-icons-27-diana-princess-of-wales.jpg" }, { "id": "global-icons-28-usain-bolt", "groupId": "global-icons", "groupTitle": "A. Ultra-recognizable global icons", "requestedTitle": "Usain Bolt", "title": "Usain Bolt", "rationale": "track icon", "wikidataId": "Q1189", "wikidataDescription": "Jamaican sprinter", "sitelinks": 136, "extract": "Usain St. Leo Bolt ( YOO-sayn; born 21 August 1986) is a Jamaican retired sprinter. Widely regarded as the greatest sprinter of all time, he is an eight-time Olympic gold medalist and the world record holder in the 100 metres, 200 metres, and 4 × 100 metres relay.\nBolt is the only sprinter to win Olympic 100 m and 200 m titles at three consecutive Olympics (2008, 2012, and 2016). He also won two 4 × 100 relay gold medals. He gained worldwide fame for his double sprint victory in world record times at the 2008 Beijing Olympics, which made him the first person to hold both records since fully automatic time became mandatory.\nAn eleven-time World Champion, Bolt won consecutive World Championship 100 m, 200 m and 4 × 100 metres relay gold medals from 2009 to 2015, with the exception of a 100 m false start in 2011. He is the most successful male athlete of the World Championships. He is the first athlete to win four World Championship titles in the 200 m and is one of the most successful in the 100 m with three titles, being the first person to run sub-9.7s and sub-9.6s races.\nBolt improved upon his second 100 m world record of 9.69 with 9.58 seconds in 2009 – the biggest improvement since the start of electronic timing. He has twice broken the 200 metres world record, setting 19.30 in 2008 and 19.19 in 2009. He has helped Jamaica to three 4 × 100 metres relay world records, with the current record being 36.84 seconds set in 2012. Bolt's most successful event is the 200 m, with three Olympic and four World titles. The 2008 Olympics was his international debut over 100 m; he had earlier won numerous 200 m medals (including 2007 World Championship silver) and held the world under-20 and world under-18 records for the event until being surpassed by Erriyon Knighton in 2021.\nHis achievements as a sprinter have earned him the media nickname \"Lightning Bolt\", and his awards include the IAAF World Athlete of the Year, Track & Field Athlete of the Year, BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year (three times), and Laureus World Sportsman of the Year (four times). Bolt was included in Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People of 2016. Bolt retired after the 2017 World Championships, when he finished third in his last solo 100 m race, opted out of the 200 m, and pulled up injured in the 4 × 100 m relay final.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt", "commonsUrl": "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html", "license": "GFDL", "artist": "Erik van Leeuwen", "credit": "http://www.erki.nl/", "imageName": "File:Usain_Bolt_smiling_Berlin_2009.JPG", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Usain_Bolt_smiling_Berlin_2009.JPG", "localImage": "images/global-icons-28-usain-bolt.jpg" }, { "id": "global-icons-29-kim-kardashian", "groupId": "global-icons", "groupTitle": "A. Ultra-recognizable global icons", "requestedTitle": "Kim Kardashian", "title": "Kim Kardashian", "rationale": "media icon", "wikidataId": "Q186304", "wikidataDescription": "American media personality, businesswoman, model and actress (born 1980)", "sitelinks": 113, "extract": "Kimberly Noel Kardashian (born October 21, 1980) is an American media personality, socialite, and businesswoman. She first gained media attention in 2007 following the unauthorized release of a sex tape with American singer Ray J. Afterwards, she and her family began to appear on the E! reality television series Keeping Up with the Kardashians. The show aired until 2021, and its success led to the formation of several spin-offs before its revival in the form of Hulu's The Kardashians (2022–present) as part of her and her family's multi-year deal with the streaming service.\nKardashian founded KKW Beauty and KKW Fragrance in 2017, both of which operated until 2022; the former was valued at over US$1 billion in 2021. She founded the shaping underwear and foundation garment company Skims in 2019, which is valued at over US$4 billion as of 2023. Kardashian founded her skincare line, SKKN by Kim, in 2022. She has released a variety of products tied to her name, including the 2014 mobile game Kim Kardashian: Hollywood, the 2015 photo book Selfish, and the 2015 emoji app Kimoji. Her acting credits include the films Disaster Movie (2008), Temptation: Confessions of a Marriage Counselor (2013), two PAW Patrol films (2021 and 2023), the twelfth season of the anthology horror series American Horror Story (2023–2024), and the legal drama series All's Fair (2025–present).\nTime magazine included Kardashian on their list of 2015's 100 most influential people. She was named among Fortune magazine's Most Powerful Women in the world in 2023. With a significant presence online and a large following across numerous social media platforms, she is the eighth-most-followed individual on Instagram and the thirteenth-most-followed individual on Twitter. Both critics and admirers have described Kardashian as exemplifying the notion of being famous for being famous. She first appeared on Forbes's annual billionaires list in 2021; as of June 2026, she is estimated to be worth US$1.9 billion. Kardashian has become more politically active by lobbying for prison reform and clemency, and, in 2025, completed a four-year law apprenticeship that allows her to sit for the California Bar Exam, which she did not pass.\n\n", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Kardashian", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0", "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0", "artist": "Eva Rinaldi", "credit": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/58820009@N05/15199017476/", "imageName": "File:Kim_Kardashian_West_2014.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kim_Kardashian_West_2014.jpg/960px-Kim_Kardashian_West_2014.jpg", "localImage": "images/global-icons-29-kim-kardashian.jpg" }, { "id": "global-icons-30-dwayne-johnson", "groupId": "global-icons", "groupTitle": "A. Ultra-recognizable global icons", "requestedTitle": "Dwayne Johnson", "title": "Dwayne Johnson", "rationale": "film/wrestling icon", "wikidataId": "Q10738", "wikidataDescription": "American actor and professional wrestler (born 1972)", "sitelinks": 111, "extract": "Dwayne Douglas Johnson (born May 2, 1972), also known by his ring name \"The Rock\", is an American actor and professional wrestler. He is signed to WWE, where he performs on a part-time basis. Widely regarded as one of the greatest professional wrestlers of all time, Johnson was integral to the development and success of the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) during the Attitude Era. He wrestled for the WWF full-time for eight years before pursuing an acting career. His films have grossed over $11.4 billion worldwide, making him one of the world's highest-grossing actors of all time. He is a co-owner of the United Football League, a member of the board of directors of TKO Group Holdings—the parent company of UFC and WWE—and co-founder of Seven Bucks Productions.\nAfter accepting an athletic scholarship to play football at the University of Miami as a defensive tackle, Johnson was a member of the 1991 national championship team but was largely a backup player. Despite aspirations to play professional football, he went undrafted in the 1995 NFL draft, and briefly signed with the Calgary Stampeders before being cut in his first season. In 1996, his father assisted in helping him secure a contract with the WWF. Johnson quickly rose to global prominence, aided by a gimmick he employed as a charismatic trash talker. Johnson left the WWE in 2004; he returned in 2011 as a part-time performer until 2013 and made sporadic appearances until his retirement in 2019; in 2023, he returned once again on a part-time basis. A 10-time world champion—including the promotion's first of African descent—he is also a two-time Intercontinental Champion, a five-time Tag Team Champion, the 2000 Royal Rumble winner, and WWE's sixth Triple Crown champion. Johnson headlined multiple pay-per-view events, including WWE's flagship event WrestleMania six times (15, 16, 17, 28, 29, and 40 – Night 1) which includes the most-bought professional wrestling pay-per-view (WrestleMania 28) and main evented the most-watched episodes of WWE's flagship television series (Raw and SmackDown).\nJohnson's first film role was in The Mummy Returns (2001). The next year, he played his first leading role in the action fantasy film The Scorpion King. He has since starred in family films The Game Plan (2007), Race to Witch Mountain (2009), Tooth Fairy (2010), Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle (2017), Jumanji: The Next Level (2019), and Jungle Cruise (2021), and the action films Journey 2: The Mysterious Island (2012), G.I. Joe: Retaliation (2013), Hercules (2014), Skyscraper (2018), San Andreas (2015) and Rampage (2018). He also starred in the action comedy films Get Smart (2008), Central Intelligence (2016), Baywatch (2017), and Red Notice (2021). His role as Luke Hobbs in the Fast & Furious films, beginning with Fast Five (2011), helped the franchise become one of the highest-grossing in film. He joined the DC Extended Universe by playing the title role in Black Adam (2022). He has also voiced Maui in the Disney animated film Moana (2016), and its sequel Moana 2 (2024), and will reprise the role in the 2026 live-action remake. He received critical praise for his dramatic turn as MMA fighter Mark Kerr in the sports biopic The Smashing Machine (2025).\nJohnson produced and starred in the HBO comedy-drama series Ballers (2015–2019) and the autobiographical sitcom Young Rock (2021–2023). His autobiography, The Rock Says, was released in 2000 and was a New York Times bestseller. In 2016 and 2019, Time named him as one of the world's most influential people.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwayne_Johnson", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "artist": "Harald Krichel", "credit": "Own work", "imageName": "File:Dwayne_Johnson-1764_(4x5_cropped_with_moderate_headroom).jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Dwayne_Johnson-1764_%284x5_cropped_with_moderate_headroom%29.jpg/960px-Dwayne_Johnson-1764_%284x5_cropped_with_moderate_headroom%29.jpg", "localImage": "images/global-icons-30-dwayne-johnson.jpg" }, { "id": "field-famous-01-jennifer-doudna", "groupId": "field-famous", "groupTitle": "B. Field-famous specialists", "requestedTitle": "Jennifer Doudna", "title": "Jennifer Doudna", "rationale": "CRISPR scientist", "wikidataId": "Q56068", "wikidataDescription": "American biochemist", "sitelinks": 84, "extract": "Jennifer Anne Doudna (; born February 19, 1964) is an American biochemist who has pioneered work in CRISPR gene editing, and made other fundamental contributions in biochemistry and genetics. She received the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, with Emmanuelle Charpentier, \"for the development of a method for genome editing.\" She is the Li Ka Shing Chancellor's Chair Professor at the University of California, Berkeley. She has been an investigator with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute since 1997.\nIn 2012, Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier were the first to propose that CRISPR-Cas9 (enzymes from bacteria that control microbial immunity) could be used for programmable editing of genomes, which has been called one of the most significant discoveries in the history of biology. Since then, Doudna has been a leading figure in what is referred to as the \"CRISPR revolution\" for her fundamental work and leadership in developing CRISPR-mediated genome editing.\n\nDoudna's awards and fellowships include the 2000 Alan T. Waterman Award for her research on the structure of a ribozyme, as determined by X-ray crystallography and the 2015 Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences for CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology, with Charpentier. She has been a co-recipient of the Gruber Prize in Genetics (2015), the Tang Prize (2016), the Canada Gairdner International Award (2016), and the Japan Prize (2017). She was named one of the Time 100 most influential people in 2015, and in 2023 was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "artist": "Christopher Michel", "credit": "Own work", "imageName": "File:Jennifer_Doudna_by_Christopher_Michel_in_2023_01.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Jennifer_Doudna_by_Christopher_Michel_in_2023_01.jpg/960px-Jennifer_Doudna_by_Christopher_Michel_in_2023_01.jpg", "localImage": "images/field-famous-01-jennifer-doudna.jpg" }, { "id": "field-famous-02-katalin-kariko", "groupId": "field-famous", "groupTitle": "B. Field-famous specialists", "requestedTitle": "Katalin Karikó", "title": "Katalin Karikó", "rationale": "mRNA scientist", "wikidataId": "Q88608397", "wikidataDescription": "Hungarian biochemist", "sitelinks": 71, "extract": "Katalin \"Kati\" Karikó (born 17 January 1955) is a Hungarian and American biochemist who specializes in ribonucleic acid (RNA)-mediated mechanisms, particularly in vitro-transcribed messenger RNA (mRNA) for protein replacement therapy. Karikó laid the scientific groundwork for mRNA vaccines, overcoming major obstacles and skepticism in the scientific community. Karikó received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2023 for her work, along with American immunologist Drew Weissman.\nKarikó co-founded and was CEO of RNARx from 2006 to 2013. From 2013 to 2022, she was associated with BioNTech RNA Pharmaceuticals, first as a vice president and promoted to senior vice president in 2019. In 2022, she left BioNTech to devote more time to research. In 2021, she received an honorary doctorate from the University of Szeged in Hungary, where she has since become a professor. While Karikó has also been associated with the University of Pennsylvania, which would benefit financially from her eventual discovery, the university had actively discouraged her from pursuing research by underfunding and deprioritizing work on mRNA. After being demoted by the University of Pennsylvania in 1995, Karikó was never granted tenure and joined BioNTech in 2013 after the university had declined to reinstate her.\nKarikó's work includes scientific research on RNA-mediated immune activation, resulting in the co-discovery with Drew Weissman of the nucleoside modifications that suppress the immunogenicity of RNA. This is seen as a further contribution to the therapeutic use of mRNA. Together with Weissman, she holds United States patents for the application of non-immunogenic, nucleoside-modified RNA. This technology has been licensed by BioNTech and Moderna to develop their protein replacement technologies, but it was also used for their COVID-19 vaccines.\nThe messenger RNA-based technology developed by Karikó and the two most effective vaccines based on it, BioNTech/Pfizer and Moderna, have formed the basis for the effective and successful fight against SARS-CoV-2 virus worldwide and have contributed significantly to the containment of the COVID-19 pandemic. For their work, Karikó and Weissman have received numerous other awards besides the Nobel, including the Lasker–DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award, Time Magazine's Hero of the Year 2021, and the Tang Prize Award in Biopharmaceutical Science in 2022.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "artist": "Christopher Michel", "credit": "Own work", "imageName": "File:Katalin_Karikó_by_Michel_2024_02.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3_by_Michel_2024_02.jpg/960px-Katalin_Karik%C3%B3_by_Michel_2024_02.jpg", "localImage": "images/field-famous-02-katalin-kariko.jpg" }, { "id": "field-famous-03-frances-arnold", "groupId": "field-famous", "groupTitle": "B. Field-famous specialists", "requestedTitle": "Frances Arnold", "title": "Frances Arnold", "rationale": "chemist", "wikidataId": "Q4273363", "wikidataDescription": "Nobel prize winning US scientist and engineer (born 1956)", "sitelinks": 77, "extract": "Frances Hamilton Arnold (born July 25, 1956) is an American chemical engineer and Nobel Laureate. She is the Linus Pauling Professor of Chemical Engineering, Bioengineering and Biochemistry at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). In 2018, she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for pioneering the use of directed evolution to engineer enzymes.\nIn 2019, Alphabet Inc. announced that Arnold had joined its board of directors. Since January 2021, she also served as an external co-chair of President Joe Biden's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST).", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Arnold", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "artist": "Christopher Michel", "credit": "Own work", "imageName": "File:Frances_Arnold_in_2021_at_Caltech_01_(cropped).jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Frances_Arnold_in_2021_at_Caltech_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/960px-Frances_Arnold_in_2021_at_Caltech_01_%28cropped%29.jpg", "localImage": "images/field-famous-03-frances-arnold.jpg" }, { "id": "field-famous-04-donna-strickland", "groupId": "field-famous", "groupTitle": "B. Field-famous specialists", "requestedTitle": "Donna Strickland", "title": "Donna Strickland", "rationale": "physicist", "wikidataId": "Q56855591", "wikidataDescription": "Canadian physicist, Nobel laurate", "sitelinks": 89, "extract": "Donna Theo Strickland (born May 27, 1959) is a Canadian optical physicist and pioneer in the field of pulsed lasers. She was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2018, together with Gérard Mourou, for the practical implementation of chirped pulse amplification. She is a professor at the University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada.\nStrickland served as fellow, vice president, and president of Optica (formerly OSA), and is currently chair of its Presidential Advisory Committee. In 2018, she was listed as one of BBC's 100 Women. She has gone on to have the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Prize being set in her name.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Strickland", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "artist": "Bengt Nyman from Vaxholm, Sweden", "credit": "Donna Strickland EM1B5760", "imageName": "File:Donna_Strickland_EM1B5760_(46183560632)_(cropped).jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Donna_Strickland_EM1B5760_%2846183560632%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/960px-Donna_Strickland_EM1B5760_%2846183560632%29_%28cropped%29.jpg", "localImage": "images/field-famous-04-donna-strickland.jpg" }, { "id": "field-famous-05-jocelyn-bell-burnell", "groupId": "field-famous", "groupTitle": "B. Field-famous specialists", "requestedTitle": "Jocelyn Bell Burnell", "title": "Jocelyn Bell Burnell", "rationale": "astronomer", "wikidataId": "Q233974", "wikidataDescription": "British astrophysicist (born 1943)", "sitelinks": 64, "extract": "Dame Susan Jocelyn Bell Burnell (; née Bell; born 15 July 1943) is a Northern Irish physicist who, while conducting research for her doctorate, discovered the first radio pulsars in 1967. This discovery later earned the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1974, but she was not among the awardees.\nBell Burnell was president of the Royal Astronomical Society from 2002 to 2004, president of the Institute of Physics from October 2008 until October 2010, and interim president of the Institute following the death of her successor, Marshall Stoneham, in early 2011. She was Chancellor of the University of Dundee from 2018 to 2023.\nIn 2018, she was awarded the Special Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics. Following the announcement of the award, she decided to use the $3 million (£2.3 million) prize money to establish a fund to help female, minority and refugee students to become research physicists. The fund is administered by the Institute of Physics.\nIn 2021, Bell Burnell became the second female recipient (after Dorothy Hodgkin in 1976) of the Copley Medal. In 2025, Bell Burnell's image was included on an An Post stamp celebrating women in STEM.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jocelyn_Bell_Burnell", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "artist": "Launch_of_IYA_2009,_Paris_-_Grygar,_Bell_Burnell.jpg : Astronomical Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic derivative work: Anrie ( talk )", "credit": "Launch_of_IYA_2009,_Paris_-_Grygar,_Bell_Burnell.jpg", "imageName": "File:Launch_of_IYA_2009,_Paris_-_Grygar,_Bell_Burnell_cropped.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Launch_of_IYA_2009%2C_Paris_-_Grygar%2C_Bell_Burnell_cropped.jpg", "localImage": "images/field-famous-05-jocelyn-bell-burnell.jpg" }, { "id": "field-famous-06-fei-fei-li", "groupId": "field-famous", "groupTitle": "B. Field-famous specialists", "requestedTitle": "Fei-Fei Li", "title": "Fei-Fei Li", "rationale": "AI researcher", "wikidataId": "Q18686107", "wikidataDescription": "American computer scientist", "sitelinks": 35, "extract": "Fei-Fei Li (Chinese: 李飞飞; pinyin: Lǐ Fēifēi; born July 3, 1976) is a Chinese-born American computer scientist best known for establishing ImageNet, the dataset that enabled rapid advances in computer vision in the 2010s. She is a professor of computer science at Stanford University, with research expertise in artificial intelligence, machine learning, deep learning, computer vision, and cognitive neuroscience.\nLi is a co-director of the Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence and a co-director of the Stanford Vision and Learning Lab, and served as Chief Scientist of AI/ML at Google Cloud and the director of the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory from 2013 to 2018. In 2017, she co-founded AI4ALL, a nonprofit organization working to increase diversity in the field of artificial intelligence. In 2023, Li was named one of the Time 100 AI Most Influential People. \nLi received the Intel Lifetime Achievements Innovation Award in 2017 for her contributions to artificial intelligence, and was elected member of the National Academy of Engineering, the National Academy of Medicine in 2020 and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2021. In 2025, she was named as one of the \"Architects of AI\" for Time's Person of the Year.\nOn August 3, 2023, Li was appointed to the United Nations Scientific Advisory Board, established by Secretary-General Antonio Guterres. In 2024, Li was included on the Gold House's most influential Asian A100 list. In 2024, she raised $230 million for a startup called World Labs, which she and three colleagues founded to develop a \"spatial intelligence\" AI technology that can understand how the three-dimensional physical world works. In 2026, World Labs raised $1 Billion.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fei-Fei_Li", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "artist": "ITU Pictures", "credit": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/itupictures/35011409612/", "imageName": "File:Fei-Fei_Li_at_AI_for_Good_2017.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Fei-Fei_Li_at_AI_for_Good_2017.jpg", "localImage": "images/field-famous-06-fei-fei-li.jpg" }, { "id": "field-famous-07-terence-tao", "groupId": "field-famous", "groupTitle": "B. Field-famous specialists", "requestedTitle": "Terence Tao", "title": "Terence Tao", "rationale": "mathematician", "wikidataId": "Q295981", "wikidataDescription": "Australian-American mathematician", "sitelinks": 54, "extract": "Terence Chi-Shen Tao (Chinese: 陶哲轩; pinyin: Táo Zhéxuān; born 17 July 1975) is an Australian and American mathematician who was awarded the Fields Medal in 2006 for his contributions to partial differential equations, combinatorics, harmonic analysis, and additive number theory. He is a professor of mathematics at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), where he holds the James and Carol Collins Chair in the College of Letters and Sciences. Among his contributions to mathematics is the Green–Tao theorem on prime numbers, which he proved in 2004 in collaboration with Ben Green.\nTao was born to Chinese immigrant parents and raised in Adelaide, South Australia. After studying at Princeton and joining the faculty at UCLA, he went on to be a researcher, known for the diversity of his own interests and his collaborations with others. Tao has won many prizes for his work, including the Fields Medal in 2006 and the Royal Medal and Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics in 2014. He is a 2006 MacArthur Fellow.\nTao's published research includes topics in harmonic analysis, partial differential equations, algebraic combinatorics, arithmetic combinatorics, geometric combinatorics, probability theory, compressed sensing, and analytic number theory.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence_Tao", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "artist": "Institute for Pure & Applied Mathematics", "credit": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ddTvK9nlquM", "imageName": "File:Terence_Tao_at_IPAM's_Fireside_Chat_2026_(50m16s)_(cropped).jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Terence_Tao_at_IPAM%27s_Fireside_Chat_2026_%2850m16s%29_%28cropped%29.jpg", "localImage": "images/field-famous-07-terence-tao.jpg" }, { "id": "field-famous-08-emmanuelle-charpentier", "groupId": "field-famous", "groupTitle": "B. Field-famous specialists", "requestedTitle": "Emmanuelle Charpentier", "title": "Emmanuelle Charpentier", "rationale": "CRISPR scientist", "wikidataId": "Q17280087", "wikidataDescription": "French microbiologist and biochemist (born 1968)", "sitelinks": 80, "extract": "Emmanuelle Marie Charpentier (French pronunciation: [emanɥɛl maʁi ʃaʁpɑ̃tje]; born 11 December 1968) is a French professor and researcher in microbiology, genetics, and biochemistry. She has served as a director at the Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology in Berlin since 2015. Three years later, she founded an independent research institute, the Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens. In 2020, Charpentier and American biochemist Jennifer Doudna of the University of California, Berkeley, were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry \"for the development of a method for genome editing\" (through CRISPR). This was the first science Nobel Prize ever won by two women only.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "artist": "Bianca Fioretti, Hallbauer & Fioretti", "credit": "Bianca Fioretti, Hallbauer & Fioretti, copyright owned by Emmanuelle Charpentier who made it a Creative commons picture", "imageName": "File:Emmanuelle_Charpentier.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Emmanuelle_Charpentier.jpg/960px-Emmanuelle_Charpentier.jpg", "localImage": "images/field-famous-08-emmanuelle-charpentier.jpg" }, { "id": "field-famous-09-geoffrey-hinton", "groupId": "field-famous", "groupTitle": "B. Field-famous specialists", "requestedTitle": "Geoffrey Hinton", "title": "Geoffrey Hinton", "rationale": "AI researcher", "wikidataId": "Q92894", "wikidataDescription": "British-Canadian computer scientist and psychologist", "sitelinks": 70, "extract": "Geoffrey Everest Hinton (born 6 December 1947) is a British-Canadian computer scientist, cognitive scientist, cognitive psychologist and Nobel Prize laureate known for his work on artificial neural networks, which earned him the title \"the Godfather of AI\". He is University Professor Emeritus at the University of Toronto.\nFrom 2013 to 2023, he divided his time working for Google Brain and the University of Toronto before publicly announcing his departure from Google in May 2023, citing concerns about the many risks of artificial intelligence (AI) technology. In 2017, he co-founded and became the chief scientific advisor of the Vector Institute in Toronto.\nWith David Rumelhart and Ronald J. Williams, Hinton was co-author of a highly cited paper published in 1986 that popularised the backpropagation algorithm for training multi-layer neural networks, although they were not the first to propose the approach. Hinton is viewed as a leading figure in the deep learning community. The image-recognition milestone of the AlexNet designed in collaboration with his students Alex Krizhevsky and Ilya Sutskever for the ImageNet challenge 2012 was a breakthrough in the field of computer vision.\nHinton received the 2018 Turing Award, together with Yoshua Bengio and Yann LeCun for their work on deep learning. They are sometimes referred to as the \"Godfathers of Deep Learning\" and have continued to give public talks together. He was also awarded, along with John Hopfield, the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics for \"foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks\".\nIn May 2023, Hinton announced his resignation from Google to be able to \"freely speak out about the risks of AI\". He has voiced concerns about deliberate misuse by malicious actors, technological unemployment, and existential risk from artificial general intelligence. He noted that establishing safety guidelines will require cooperation among those competing in use of AI in order to avoid the worst outcomes. After receiving the Nobel Prize, he called for urgent research into AI safety to figure out how to control AI systems smarter than humans.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "artist": "Cmichel67", "credit": "Own work", "imageName": "File:Geoffrey_Hinton_in_2026.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Geoffrey_Hinton_in_2026.jpg/960px-Geoffrey_Hinton_in_2026.jpg", "localImage": "images/field-famous-09-geoffrey-hinton.jpg" }, { "id": "field-famous-10-yoshua-bengio", "groupId": "field-famous", "groupTitle": "B. Field-famous specialists", "requestedTitle": "Yoshua Bengio", "title": "Yoshua Bengio", "rationale": "AI researcher", "wikidataId": "Q3572699", "wikidataDescription": "Canadian computer scientist (born 1964)", "sitelinks": 35, "extract": "Yoshua Bengio (born March 5, 1964) is a Canadian computer scientist, and a pioneer of artificial neural networks and deep learning. He is a professor at the Université de Montréal and co-president and scientific director of the nonprofit LawZero. He founded Mila, the Quebec Artificial Intelligence (AI) Institute, and was its scientific director until 2025.\nBengio received the 2018 ACM A.M. Turing Award, often referred to as the \"Nobel Prize of Computing\", together with Geoffrey Hinton and Yann LeCun, for their foundational work on deep learning. Bengio, Hinton, and LeCun are sometimes referred to as the \"Godfathers of AI\". Bengio is the most-cited computer scientist globally (by both total citations and by h-index), and the most-cited living scientist across all fields (by total citations). In November 2025, Bengio became the first AI researcher with more than a million Google Scholar citations. In 2024, Time magazine included Bengio in its yearly list of the world's 100 most influential people.\n\n", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshua_Bengio", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "artist": "Xuthoria", "credit": "Own work", "imageName": "File:ICLR_2025_-_Yoshua_Bengio_02.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/ICLR_2025_-_Yoshua_Bengio_02.jpg/960px-ICLR_2025_-_Yoshua_Bengio_02.jpg", "localImage": "images/field-famous-10-yoshua-bengio.jpg" }, { "id": "field-famous-11-linus-torvalds", "groupId": "field-famous", "groupTitle": "B. Field-famous specialists", "requestedTitle": "Linus Torvalds", "title": "Linus Torvalds", "rationale": "software engineer", "wikidataId": "Q34253", "wikidataDescription": "Finnish software engineer (born 1969)", "sitelinks": 151, "extract": "Linus Benedict Torvalds (born 28 December 1969) is a Finnish and American software engineer who is the creator and lead developer of the Linux kernel since 1991. He also created the distributed version control system Git.\nTorvalds was one of the recipients of the 2012 Millennium Technology Prize \"in recognition of his creation of a new open source operating system for computers leading to the widely used Linux kernel\". He is also the recipient of the 2014 IEEE Computer Society Computer Pioneer Award and the 2018 IEEE Masaru Ibuka Consumer Electronics Award.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "artist": "Krd (photo) Von Sprat (crop/extraction)", "credit": "File:LinuxCon Europe Linus Torvalds 03.jpg", "imageName": "File:LinuxCon_Europe_Linus_Torvalds_03_(cropped).jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/LinuxCon_Europe_Linus_Torvalds_03_%28cropped%29.jpg/960px-LinuxCon_Europe_Linus_Torvalds_03_%28cropped%29.jpg", "localImage": "images/field-famous-11-linus-torvalds.jpg" }, { "id": "field-famous-12-guido-van-rossum", "groupId": "field-famous", "groupTitle": "B. Field-famous specialists", "requestedTitle": "Guido van Rossum", "title": "Guido van Rossum", "rationale": "software engineer", "wikidataId": "Q30942", "wikidataDescription": "Dutch programmer and creator of Python", "sitelinks": 55, "extract": "Guido van Rossum (Dutch: [ˈxidoː vɑn ˈrɔsʏm]; born 31 January 1956) is a Dutch programmer. He is the creator of the Python programming language, for which he was the \"benevolent dictator for life\" (BDFL) until he stepped down from the position on 12 July 2018. He remained a member of the Python Steering Council through 2019, and withdrew from nominations for the 2020 election.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_van_Rossum", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "artist": "Kushal Das", "credit": "Own work", "imageName": "File:Guido_van_Rossum_in_PyConUS24_(cropped).jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Guido_van_Rossum_in_PyConUS24_%28cropped%29.jpg/960px-Guido_van_Rossum_in_PyConUS24_%28cropped%29.jpg", "localImage": "images/field-famous-12-guido-van-rossum.jpg" }, { "id": "field-famous-13-vitalik-buterin", "groupId": "field-famous", "groupTitle": "B. Field-famous specialists", "requestedTitle": "Vitalik Buterin", "title": "Vitalik Buterin", "rationale": "cryptography/blockchain", "wikidataId": "Q16197959", "wikidataDescription": "Russian-Canadian computer scientist", "sitelinks": 38, "extract": "Vitaly Dmitrievich Buterin (Russian: Виталий Дмитриевич Бутерин; born 31 January 1994), better known as Vitalik Buterin (Russian: Виталик Бутерин), is a Russian-Canadian computer programmer best known for co-founding Ethereum. Buterin became involved with cryptocurrency early in its inception, co-founding Bitcoin Magazine in 2011. In 2015, Buterin deployed the Ethereum blockchain with Gavin Wood, Charles Hoskinson, Anthony Di Iorio, and Joseph Lubin.\n\n", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitalik_Buterin", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "artist": "John Phillips", "credit": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/techcrunch/22987802684/", "imageName": "File:Vitalik_Buterin_TechCrunch_London_2015_(cropped).jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Vitalik_Buterin_TechCrunch_London_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg/960px-Vitalik_Buterin_TechCrunch_London_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg", "localImage": "images/field-famous-13-vitalik-buterin.jpg" }, { "id": "field-famous-14-demis-hassabis", "groupId": "field-famous", "groupTitle": "B. Field-famous specialists", "requestedTitle": "Demis Hassabis", "title": "Demis Hassabis", "rationale": "AI researcher", "wikidataId": "Q3022141", "wikidataDescription": "British artificial intelligence researcher (born 1976)", "sitelinks": 58, "extract": "Sir Demis Hassabis (/ˈdɛ.mɪs/ DE-mis /hɑːˈsɑː.bis/ hah-SAH-bees; born Dimitrios Hassapis, Greek: Δημήτριος Χασάπης, 27 July 1976) is a British artificial intelligence (AI) researcher and entrepreneur. He is the chief executive officer and co-founder of Google DeepMind and Isomorphic Labs, and a UK Government AI Adviser. In 2024, Hassabis and John M. Jumper were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their AI research contributions to protein structure prediction.\nHassabis is a Fellow of the Royal Society and has won awards for his research efforts, including the Breakthrough Prize, the Canada Gairdner International Award and the Lasker Award. He was appointed a CBE in 2017, and knighted in 2024 for his work on AI. He was also listed among the Time 100 most influential people in the world in 2017 and 2025, and was one of the \"Architects of AI\" collectively chosen as Time's 2025 Person of the Year.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demis_Hassabis", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "artist": "John Sears", "credit": "Own work", "imageName": "File:Demis_Hassabis,_2024_Nobel_Prize_Laureate_in_Chemistry_7_(cropped).jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Demis_Hassabis%2C_2024_Nobel_Prize_Laureate_in_Chemistry_7_%28cropped%29.jpg/960px-Demis_Hassabis%2C_2024_Nobel_Prize_Laureate_in_Chemistry_7_%28cropped%29.jpg", "localImage": "images/field-famous-14-demis-hassabis.jpg" }, { "id": "field-famous-15-magnus-carlsen", "groupId": "field-famous", "groupTitle": "B. Field-famous specialists", "requestedTitle": "Magnus Carlsen", "title": "Magnus Carlsen", "rationale": "chess player", "wikidataId": "Q106807", "wikidataDescription": "Norwegian chess player (born 1990)", "sitelinks": 110, "extract": "Sven Magnus Øen Carlsen (born 30 November 1990) is a Norwegian chess grandmaster. Carlsen is a five-time World Chess Champion, reigning six-time World Rapid Chess Champion, reigning nine-time World Blitz Chess Champion and the reigning FIDE Freestyle Chess World Champion. Carlsen has held the No. 1 position in the FIDE rankings since 1 July 2011, the longest consecutive period, and trails only Garry Kasparov in time spent as the highest-rated player in the world. Carlsen's peak rating of 2882 is the highest in history. He also holds the record for the longest unbeaten streak at the elite level in classical chess at 125 games.\nA chess prodigy, Carlsen finished first in the C group of the Corus chess tournament shortly after he turned 13 and earned the title of grandmaster a few months later. At 15, Carlsen became the youngest-ever player to qualify for the Candidates Tournament in 2005 after placing tenth in the Chess World Cup. Carlsen also won the Norwegian Chess Championship. At 17, he finished joint first in the top group of Corus. He surpassed a rating of 2800 at 18, the youngest at the time to do so, after winning the 2009 Pearl Spring Chess Tournament with a performance rating of 3002. In 2010, at 19, Carlsen reached No. 1 position in the FIDE world rankings, the youngest person ever to do so.\nCarlsen became World Chess Champion in 2013 by defeating Viswanathan Anand. He retained his title against Anand the following year and won both the 2014 World Rapid Championship and World Blitz Championship, becoming the first player to hold all three titles simultaneously, a feat which he repeated in 2019 and 2022. Carlsen has achieved the World Rapid and World Blitz double five times, and he is the only player to defend a double. He defended his classical world title against Sergey Karjakin in 2016, Fabiano Caruana in 2018, and Ian Nepomniachtchi in 2021. He declined to defend his title in 2023, citing a lack of motivation. In 2023, Carlsen won the Chess World Cup. In 2026, he won the FIDE Freestyle Chess World Championship.\nKnown for his attacking style as a teenager, Carlsen has since developed into a universal player. He uses a variety of openings to make it harder for opponents to prepare against him and reduce the utility of pre-game computer analysis. Carlsen has stated that the middlegame is his favourite part of the game as it comes down to \"pure chess\".\n\n", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Carlsen", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "artist": "Miroslav.vajdic", "credit": "Own work", "imageName": "File:Magnus_Carlsen_in_2025.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Magnus_Carlsen_in_2025.jpg/960px-Magnus_Carlsen_in_2025.jpg", "localImage": "images/field-famous-15-magnus-carlsen.jpg" }, { "id": "field-famous-16-judit-polgar", "groupId": "field-famous", "groupTitle": "B. Field-famous specialists", "requestedTitle": "Judit Polgár", "title": "Judit Polgár", "rationale": "chess player", "wikidataId": "Q183250", "wikidataDescription": "Hungarian chess player", "sitelinks": 71, "extract": "Judit Polgár (born 23 July 1976) is a Hungarian chess grandmaster, widely regarded as the strongest female chess player of all time. She is the only woman to be ranked in the world top 10, the only woman to achieve a rating over 2700, reaching a peak rating of 2735, and the only woman to compete in the final stage of a World Chess Championship. She was the top-rated woman in the world from January 1989 until her retirement from competitive chess in 2014, remaining No. 1 until the March 2015 rating list; her record of 26 consecutive years as woman's No. 1 still stands.\nPolgár was a chess prodigy, and at the age of 12 became the youngest player to break into the FIDE top 100 rating list, ranked at 55 in the January 1989 rating list. In 1991 she became the youngest player at the time to achieve the title of Grandmaster, at the age of 15 years and 4 months, breaking the 33-year-old record previously held by former world champion Bobby Fischer. With the achievement, she became only the fourth ever female Grandmaster, achieving the title the same year that her older sister Susan had become the third ever female Grandmaster.\nPolgár won or shared first in the chess tournaments of Hastings 1993, Madrid 1994, León 1996, U.S. Open 1998, Hoogeveen 1999, Sigeman & Co 2000, Japfa 2000, and the Najdorf Memorial 2000. She is the only woman to have won a game against a reigning world number one player (Garry Kasparov, in 2002), and defeated eleven current or former world champions in either rapid or classical chess: Magnus Carlsen, Anatoly Karpov, Kasparov, Vladimir Kramnik, Boris Spassky, Vasily Smyslov, Veselin Topalov, Viswanathan Anand, Ruslan Ponomariov, Alexander Khalifman, and Rustam Kasimdzhanov.\nOn 13 August 2014, she announced her retirement from competitive chess. In June 2015, Polgár was elected as the new captain and head coach of the Hungarian national men's team. On 20 August 2015, she received Hungary's highest decoration, the Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary. In 2021, Polgár was inducted into the World Chess Hall of Fame. In September 2024, as part of FIDE's centennial celebration, Polgar was awarded the FIDE 100 Award as the best female player of the past 100 years.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judit_Polg%C3%A1r", "commonsUrl": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "artist": "This photo was taken by Przemysław Jahr Autorem zdjęcia jest Przemysław Jahr Wykorzystując zdjęcie proszę podać jako autora: Przemysław Jahr / Wikimedia Commons", "credit": "Own work", "imageName": "File:Judit_Polgár_2013.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Judit_Polg%C3%A1r_2013.jpg/960px-Judit_Polg%C3%A1r_2013.jpg", "localImage": "images/field-famous-16-judit-polgar.jpg" }, { "id": "field-famous-17-mikhail-baryshnikov", "groupId": "field-famous", "groupTitle": "B. Field-famous specialists", "requestedTitle": "Mikhail Baryshnikov", "title": "Mikhail Baryshnikov", "rationale": "ballet dancer", "wikidataId": "Q295420", "wikidataDescription": "Latvian-American dancer, choreographer and actor", "sitelinks": 65, "extract": "Mikhail Nikolayevich Baryshnikov (born January 27, 1948) is a Latvian and American dancer, choreographer, and actor. He was the preeminent male classical ballet dancer of the 1970s and 1980s. He subsequently became a noted dance director.\nBorn into a Russian family in Riga, Baryshnikov had a promising start in the Kirov Ballet in Leningrad before defecting to Canada in 1974 for more opportunities in Western dance. After dancing with the American Ballet Theatre, he joined the New York City Ballet as a principal dancer for one season to learn about George Balanchine's neoclassical Russian style of movement. He then returned to the American Ballet Theatre, where he later became artistic director. Baryshnikov has spearheaded many of his own artistic projects and has been associated in particular with promoting modern dance, premiering dozens of new works, including many of his own. His success as a dramatic actor on stage, cinema, and television, has helped him become probably the most widely recognized contemporary ballet dancer. After his 1974 defection, Baryshnikov never returned to the USSR. Since 1986, he has been a naturalized citizen of the United States. After Latvia declared independence on 4 May 1990, he often returned there. In 2017, the Republic of Latvia granted Baryshnikov citizenship for extraordinary merit.\nIn 1977, he received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and a Golden Globe nomination for his portrayal of Yuri Kopeikine in the film The Turning Point. He starred in the movie White Nights with Gregory Hines, Helen Mirren, and Isabella Rossellini, and had a recurring role in the last season of the television series Sex and the City.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Baryshnikov", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0", "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0", "artist": "Saeima", "credit": "27.aprīļa Saeimas sēde", "imageName": "File:Mikhail_Baryshnikov.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Mikhail_Baryshnikov.jpg/960px-Mikhail_Baryshnikov.jpg", "localImage": "images/field-famous-17-mikhail-baryshnikov.jpg" }, { "id": "field-famous-18-tadej-pogacar", "groupId": "field-famous", "groupTitle": "B. Field-famous specialists", "requestedTitle": "Tadej Pogačar", "title": "Tadej Pogačar", "rationale": "cyclist", "wikidataId": "Q26904312", "wikidataDescription": "Slovenian cyclist (born 1998)", "sitelinks": 52, "extract": "Tadej Pogačar (born 21 September 1998), nicknamed \"Pogi\", is a Slovenian professional cyclist who rides for UCI WorldTeam UAE Team Emirates XRG. \nHis victories include four Tours de France (2020, 2021, 2024, and 2025), the 2024 Giro d'Italia, and thirteen one-day Monuments (Milan–San Remo once, Tour of Flanders three times, Liège–Bastogne–Liège four times and Giro di Lombardia five times), as well as the World Championship Road Race twice. Comfortable in time-trialing, one-day classic riding and grand-tour climbing, he has been compared to all-round cyclists such as Eddy Merckx and Bernard Hinault. He is considered one of the greatest cyclists of all time.\nIn 2024 he became only the third male cyclist, after Eddy Merckx in 1974 and Stephen Roche in 1987, to achieve the Triple Crown of Cycling, winning the Giro, the Tour, and the World Championships in the same year. He is the only rider in history who took the Triple Crown and two monuments (Liège–Bastogne–Liège and Giro di Lombardia) in the same year. In 2025, he became the first male cyclist to win both the Tour de France and the UCI Road World Championship Road Race in two successive years (2024 and 2025).\nHe was born and grew up in Klanec, Komenda (where he also went to primary school) in Upper Carniola Region in Slovenia. His first sport was actually football at NK Komenda, but he later switched to cycling. Pogačar was a successful junior rider, winning the 2018 Tour de l'Avenir. Aged 20 in 2019, he became the youngest cyclist to win a UCI World Tour race at the Tour of California, and won three stages of the Vuelta a España en route to an overall third-place finish and the young rider title. In both his 2020 debut at the Tour de France and the following year, he won three stages and the race overall, as well as the mountains and young-rider classifications, becoming the only rider to win these three classifications simultaneously. 2021 also saw Pogačar's first successes in the major Monument one-day races, at the Giro di Lombardia and Liège–Bastogne–Liège. Subsequent seasons saw further wins in these, with the Tour of Flanders also added to his palmarès in 2023. Meanwhile, in the Grand Tours, Pogačar had consecutive 2nd-place finishes in the Tour de France to Jonas Vingegaard, with whom his rivalry is considered to be one of the greatest of all time. This run ended in 2024 when he completed the first Giro d'Italia and Tour de France double since 1998, winning 12 stages across both races.\nPogačar has been praised for his attacking riding style, an approach which Pogačar himself has jokingly referred to as a \"stupid instinct\" during a time when many others have ridden more conservatively to manage energy levels. His aim to be competitive across both the Monuments and Grand Tours has been labelled as a return to \"classic\" bike racing of the 1960s–1980s, and this success across multiple fronts has led to him being the UCI road racing world No.1 for a record total number of weeks and record number of consecutive weeks.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadej_Poga%C4%8Dar", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "artist": "Petar Milošević", "credit": "Own work", "imageName": "File:2022_Tour_of_Slovenia_(Stage_3,_Tadej_Pogačar_celebrating_victory_on_Celje_Castle_v2).jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/2022_Tour_of_Slovenia_%28Stage_3%2C_Tadej_Poga%C4%8Dar_celebrating_victory_on_Celje_Castle_v2%29.jpg/960px-2022_Tour_of_Slovenia_%28Stage_3%2C_Tadej_Poga%C4%8Dar_celebrating_victory_on_Celje_Castle_v2%29.jpg", "localImage": "images/field-famous-18-tadej-pogacar.jpg" }, { "id": "field-famous-19-eliud-kipchoge", "groupId": "field-famous", "groupTitle": "B. Field-famous specialists", "requestedTitle": "Eliud Kipchoge", "title": "Eliud Kipchoge", "rationale": "marathon runner", "wikidataId": "Q9124", "wikidataDescription": "Kenyan long-distance runner", "sitelinks": 56, "extract": "Eliud Kipchoge (born 5 November 1984) is a Kenyan long-distance runner who competes in the marathon and formerly specialized in the 5000 metres. Kipchoge is the 2016 and 2020 Olympic marathon champion, and was the world record holder in the marathon from 2018 to 2023, until that record was broken by Kelvin Kiptum at the 2023 Chicago Marathon. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest marathon runners of all time.\nKipchoge claimed his first individual world championship title in 2003 by winning the junior race at the World Cross Country Championships and setting a world junior record for the 5000 m. At the age of eighteen, he became the senior 5000 m world champion at the 2003 World Championships with a championship record, then followed by an Olympic bronze for Kenya in 2004 and a bronze at the 2006 World Indoor Championships. A five-time World Championship 5000 m finalist, Kipchoge took silver medals at the 2007 World Championships, 2008 Beijing Olympics, and 2010 Commonwealth Games.\nHe switched to road running in 2012 and made the second-fastest half marathon debut ever, at 59:25. In his marathon debut, he won the 2013 Hamburg Marathon in a course record time. His first victory at a World Marathon Major came at the Chicago Marathon in 2014, and he went on to become series champion a record five times – for 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2022. He has won the London Marathon a record four times and also holds the record for most Berlin Marathon wins with five, his latest coming in September 2023. With 15 victories in his first 18 marathons from 2013 to 2023, Kipchoge's only losses were a second-place finish behind Wilson Kipsang Kiprotich at the 2013 Berlin Marathon, where Kipsang broke the world record, an eighth-place finish at the 2020 London Marathon and a sixth place in his debut at the Boston Marathon in 2023. He has since 2024, been defeated in his last three marathons. Kipchoge's last world record run broke by 30 seconds his own 2018 world record, which was in turn a 78-second improvement over the existing best, the greatest improvement in a marathon world record time since 1967.\nOn 12 October 2019, Kipchoge ran the marathon distance for the Ineos 1:59 Challenge in Vienna, achieving a time of 1:59:40.2, becoming the first person in recorded history to do a sub-two-hour marathon. The run did not count as a new marathon record, as he ran with specialized shoes, standard competition rules for pacing and fluids were not followed, and it was not an open event.\nKipchoge was appointed Elder of the Order of the Golden Heart by former Kenyan President Uhuru Kenyatta on 20 October 2019 in recognition of his sub-two-hour marathon. He was also named the 2019 BBC World Sport Star of the Year. In 2023 he was awarded the Princess of Asturias Award in the category \"Sports\".\n\n", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliud_Kipchoge", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "artist": "Denis Barthel", "credit": "Own work", "imageName": "File:Eliud_Kipchoge_in_Berlin_-_2015_(cropped).jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Eliud_Kipchoge_in_Berlin_-_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg", "localImage": "images/field-famous-19-eliud-kipchoge.jpg" }, { "id": "field-famous-20-mikaela-shiffrin", "groupId": "field-famous", "groupTitle": "B. Field-famous specialists", "requestedTitle": "Mikaela Shiffrin", "title": "Mikaela Shiffrin", "rationale": "alpine skier", "wikidataId": "Q139075", "wikidataDescription": "American alpine skier (born 1995)", "sitelinks": 49, "extract": "Mikaela Pauline Shiffrin (born March 13, 1995) is an American alpine skier. Shiffrin is the most decorated American alpine skier in World Championships history. She has the most World Cup wins of any alpine skier in history (men or women) and is the only one to have reached the milestone of 100 victories. She is a three-time Olympic gold medalist, four-time Olympic medalist, an eight-time World Championships gold medalist (including four titles in slalom), a six-time overall World Cup champion, and a nine-time winner of the World Cup slalom discipline title. Shiffrin, at 18 years and 345 days, became the youngest slalom gold medalist in Olympic history in 2014. \nShiffrin won her eighth career Alpine world championships gold medal on February 11, 2025, taking her overall tally to 15 medals from 18 career world championship races, and making Shiffrin the most successful skier in the modern era. She was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by Time magazine in 2023.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikaela_Shiffrin", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "artist": "Manfred Werner (Tsui)", "credit": "This image has been extracted from another file", "imageName": "File:Mikaela_Shiffrin_(Portrait).jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Mikaela_Shiffrin_%28Portrait%29.jpg/960px-Mikaela_Shiffrin_%28Portrait%29.jpg", "localImage": "images/field-famous-20-mikaela-shiffrin.jpg" }, { "id": "field-famous-21-katie-ledecky", "groupId": "field-famous", "groupTitle": "B. Field-famous specialists", "requestedTitle": "Katie Ledecky", "title": "Katie Ledecky", "rationale": "swimmer", "wikidataId": "Q137374", "wikidataDescription": "American Olympic swimmer", "sitelinks": 56, "extract": "Kathleen Genevieve Ledecky ( lə-DEK-ee; born March 17, 1997) is an American competitive swimmer. She is the most decorated female swimmer in history and the most decorated American woman in Olympic history, with a total of 14 Olympic medals, including nine golds. She is widely regarded as the greatest female swimmer of all time.\nLedecky has won a record 18 individual gold medals at the World Aquatics Championships, and is the world record holder in the women's 800- and 1500-meter freestyle long course and 1500-meter freestyle short course, as well as the former world record holder in the women's 400-meter freestyle (long course) and 800-meter freestyle (short course). In her international debut at the 2012 London Olympic Games as a 15-year-old, Ledecky unexpectedly won the gold medal in the women's 800-metre freestyle. Four years later, she left Rio de Janeiro as the most decorated female athlete of the 2016 Olympic Games, with four gold medals, one silver medal, and two world records. \nAt the 2020 Olympic Games, Ledecky emerged as the most decorated U.S. female athlete and became the first American female swimmer to win an individual event in three straight Olympiads. In 2025, she won gold in the 800 meter World Championship, becoming the first swimmer—male or female—to win seven World Championship gold medals in the same event. In total, she has won 54 medals (40 golds, 11 silvers, and 3 bronzes) in major international competitions, spanning the Summer Olympics, World Championships, and Pan Pacific Championships. During her career, she has broken 17 world records.\nLedecky's success has earned her Swimming World's Female World Swimmer of the Year a record five times. Ledecky was also named Associated Press Female Athlete of the Year in 2017 and 2022, international female Champion of Champions by L'Équipe in 2014 and 2017, United States Olympic Committee Female Athlete of the Year in 2013, 2016 and 2017, Sportswoman of the Year by the Women's Sports Foundation in 2017, and the ESPY Best Female Athlete in 2022. In 2024, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Joe Biden.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Ledecky", "commonsUrl": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "license": "CC0", "artist": "Mledecky", "credit": "Own work", "imageName": "File:Katie_Ledecky_at_the_2023_Golden_Goggle_Awards.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Katie_Ledecky_at_the_2023_Golden_Goggle_Awards.jpg/960px-Katie_Ledecky_at_the_2023_Golden_Goggle_Awards.jpg", "localImage": "images/field-famous-21-katie-ledecky.jpg" }, { "id": "field-famous-22-aitana-bonmati", "groupId": "field-famous", "groupTitle": "B. Field-famous specialists", "requestedTitle": "Aitana Bonmatí", "title": "Aitana Bonmatí", "rationale": "football player", "wikidataId": "Q27995553", "wikidataDescription": "Spanish football player", "sitelinks": 52, "extract": "Aitana Bonmatí i Conca (Catalan: [əjˈtanə ˌβɔmməˈti j ˈkoŋkə] ; born 18 January 1998) is a Spanish professional footballer from Catalonia who plays as a midfielder for Liga F club Barcelona and the Spain national team. She has also represented Catalonia. Having won all major club and individual awards available to a European player by 2023, including the most-decorated season of any footballer ever for 2022–23, she is considered one of the best players in women's football, and one of the greatest of all time.\nBonmatí has been with Barcelona since 2012, developing through La Masia for six years. She was promoted to Barcelona's first team ahead of the 2016–17 season, and made off-the-bench appearances for the club until her break-out year in the 2018–19 season. With the team she has won seven league titles, eight Copas de la Reina, five Supercopas, four Copas Catalunyas and four UEFA Women's Champions League titles, including three trebles and a continental quadruple. She was named MVP of the final when Barcelona won their first Champions League in 2021, before becoming the centre of the team in their 2022–23 and 2023–24 seasons. She followed teammate Alexia Putellas in winning multiple major individual titles, winning the Ballon d'Or Féminin in 2023, 2024, and 2025 (making her the first player to win the award three times), The Best FIFA Women's Player Award in 2023 and 2024, and the UEFA Women's Player of the Year in 2023, after which it was merged with the Ballon d'Or Féminin.\nInternationally, Bonmatí found success with Spain's under-17, under-19 and under-20 women's teams. She has won two UEFA Women's Youth Championships – in 2015 with the under-17 team and 2017 with the under-19s – and has been runner-up in two FIFA Youth Women's World Cups – in 2014 with the under-17s and 2018 with the under-20s. She moved into the senior squad in 2017, featuring for Spain at the 2019 Women's World Cup and 2022 Women's Euro. She then had a starring role in the 2023 World Cup, where Spain won the title and she won the Golden Ball as the tournament's best player, and in the 2024 UEFA Women's Nations League Finals, where Spain again won and she was voted Player of the Finals. In 2024, she won the Laureus World Sports Award for Sportswoman of the Year, the first footballer to win the award.\n\n", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitana_Bonmat%C3%AD", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "artist": "Barcex", "credit": "Own work", "imageName": "File:25th_Laureus_World_Sports_Awards_-_240422_214032.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/25th_Laureus_World_Sports_Awards_-_240422_214032.jpg/960px-25th_Laureus_World_Sports_Awards_-_240422_214032.jpg", "localImage": "images/field-famous-22-aitana-bonmati.jpg" }, { "id": "field-famous-23-siya-kolisi", "groupId": "field-famous", "groupTitle": "B. Field-famous specialists", "requestedTitle": "Siya Kolisi", "title": "Siya Kolisi", "rationale": "rugby player", "wikidataId": "Q7533339", "wikidataDescription": "South African rugby union footballer", "sitelinks": 21, "extract": "Siyamthanda \"Siya\" Kolisi , (born 16 June 1991) is a South African professional rugby union player who currently captains the South Africa national team. Having formerly played for the Stormers and Racing 92, he currently plays for Sharks in the URC. He generally plays as a flanker and a loose forward. In 2018, Kolisi was appointed captain of the Springboks, becoming the first black man to hold the position and eventually leading the South African Rugby team to victory in the 2019 Rugby World Cup Final against England, and again in the 2023 Rugby World Cup Final against New Zealand.\nIn December 2019, Kolisi was named in New African magazine's list of 100 Most Influential Africans. In April 2023, Kolisi was bestowed the National Order of Ikhamanga by the South African Government for his contributions to rugby. In October 2023, Siya Kolisi captained South Africa to a historic fourth Rugby World Cup in Paris, France, and became only the second captain to win the title back-to-back. Kolisi is one of 45 players who have won the Rugby World Cup on multiple occasions and one of 25 South Africans to do so.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siya_Kolisi", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0", "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0", "artist": "Stefano Delfrate", "credit": "Autumn Nations Series '22- Italia vs Sudafrica-752.jpg", "imageName": "File:Siya_Kolisi_2022.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Siya_Kolisi_2022.jpg/960px-Siya_Kolisi_2022.jpg", "localImage": "images/field-famous-23-siya-kolisi.jpg" }, { "id": "field-famous-24-shohei-ohtani", "groupId": "field-famous", "groupTitle": "B. Field-famous specialists", "requestedTitle": "Shohei Ohtani", "title": "Shohei Ohtani", "rationale": "baseball player", "wikidataId": "Q4391858", "wikidataDescription": "Japanese professional baseball player", "sitelinks": 37, "extract": "Shohei Ohtani (born July 5, 1994) is a Japanese professional baseball designated hitter and pitcher for the Los Angeles Dodgers of Major League Baseball (MLB). Nicknamed \"Shotime\", he has previously played in MLB for the Los Angeles Angels and in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters. Because of his contributions as a hitter and as a pitcher, which make him a rare two-way player, Ohtani's prime seasons have been considered among the greatest in baseball history, with some likening them to the early career of Babe Ruth.\nConsidered early on as an elite two-way player, Ohtani was the first pick of the Fighters in the 2012 NPB draft. He played for the Fighters from 2013 through 2017 as a pitcher and an outfielder and won the 2016 Japan Series with them. The Fighters posted Ohtani to MLB after the 2017 season, and he signed with the Angels, soon winning the 2018 American League (AL) Rookie of the Year Award. Following an injury-plagued 2019 and 2020, Ohtani hit 46 home runs and struck out 156 batters en route to winning his first AL Most Valuable Player Award (MVP) in 2021. For his statistically unprecedented two-way season, Ohtani received the Commissioner's Historic Achievement Award. In 2022, he became the first player in the modern era to qualify for both the hitting and pitching leaderboards in one season, finishing third in the AL with 219 strikeouts as a pitcher.\nOhtani won his second unanimous AL MVP in 2023, leading the AL with 44 home runs while recording 10 wins as a pitcher. He became the first player to win multiple unanimous MVPs and the first Japanese-born player to win a league home run title. After the 2023 season, Ohtani signed a 10-year, $700 million contract with the Dodgers, the largest contract in professional sports history at the time. Unable to pitch in 2024 while recovering from a second elbow injury, Ohtani played only as a DH for the Dodgers. He was unanimously named the 2024 National League (NL) MVP after becoming the first player in MLB history to record 50 home runs and 50 stolen bases in a season and won the 2024 World Series in his first MLB postseason appearance. Ohtani returned to pitching in 2025 and set a Dodgers franchise record with 55 home runs in a season, winning his second consecutive NL MVP unanimously and becoming the only player to win multiple MVP awards in each league. He was named the 2025 NLCS MVP after hitting three home runs and pitching six shutout innings with 10 strikeouts in Game 4 en route to capturing back-to-back championships in the 2025 World Series.\nInternationally, Ohtani represents Japan. At the 2023 World Baseball Classic, he led Team Japan to their third championship and was named the tournament's MVP. The 2023 final against the United States was one of the most-watched baseball games in history, culminating in Ohtani striking out Angels teammate and U.S. captain Mike Trout on a full count, securing a 3–2 win.\nOhtani was named one of Time's 100 most influential people globally in 2021 and in sports in 2026. He has been listed by Forbes as one of the world's ten highest-paid athletes in 2025 and 2026, and has sold more jerseys worldwide than any other player since 2023.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shohei_Ohtani", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0", "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0", "artist": "All-Pro Reels from District of Columbia, USA", "credit": "Dodgers at Nationals", "imageName": "File:Dodgers_at_Nationals_(53677192000)_(cropped).jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Dodgers_at_Nationals_%2853677192000%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/960px-Dodgers_at_Nationals_%2853677192000%29_%28cropped%29.jpg", "localImage": "images/field-famous-24-shohei-ohtani.jpg" }, { "id": "field-famous-25-bjork", "groupId": "field-famous", "groupTitle": "B. Field-famous specialists", "requestedTitle": "Björk", "title": "Björk", "rationale": "musician", "wikidataId": "Q42455", "wikidataDescription": "Icelandic singer (born 1965)", "sitelinks": 108, "extract": "Björk Guðmundsdóttir ( BYURK, Icelandic: [pjœr̥k ˈkvʏðmʏntsˌtouhtɪr̥] ; born 21 November 1965) is an Icelandic singer, songwriter, composer, record producer and actress. Noted for her distinct voice, three-octave vocal range, and eccentric public persona, she has developed an eclectic musical style over a career spanning five decades, drawing on electronica, pop, dance, trip hop, jazz, and avant-garde music. She is regarded as one of the most influential musicians of her era.\nBorn and raised in Reykjavík, Björk began her music career at the age of 11 and gained international recognition as the lead singer of the alternative rock band the Sugarcubes by the age of 21. After the Sugarcubes disbanded in 1992, Björk gained prominence as a solo artist with her albums Debut (1993), Post (1995), and Homogenic (1997), which blended electronic, pop, and avant-garde music and achieved significant critical success. Her later albums saw further experimentation, including the glitch-influenced Vespertine (2001), a cappella album Medúlla (2004), pop-focused Volta (2007), and Biophilia (2011), an interactive album with an accompanying iPad app. Following the death of her longtime co-producer Mark Bell, she collaborated with Venezuelan artist Arca on her albums Vulnicura (2015) and Utopia (2017), while Fossora (2022) marked her first venture as a sole producer. \nWith sales of over 40 million records worldwide, Björk is one of the best-selling alternative artists of all time. Several of her albums have reached the top 20 on the US Billboard 200 chart. Thirty-one of her singles have reached the top 40 on pop charts around the world, with 22 top 40 hits in the UK, including the top-10 singles \"It's Oh So Quiet\", \"Army of Me\", and \"Hyperballad\" and the top-20 singles \"Play Dead\", \"Big Time Sensuality\", and \"Violently Happy\". Her accolades and awards include the Order of the Falcon, five BRIT Awards, and 16 Grammy nominations (including nine in the Best Alternative Music Album category, the most of any artist). In 2015, Time named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world. Rolling Stone named her the 64th-greatest singer and the 81st-greatest songwriter of all time in 2023.\nBjörk starred in the 2000 Lars von Trier film Dancer in the Dark, for which she won the Best Actress Award at the 2000 Cannes Film Festival, and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song for \"I've Seen It All\". Björk has also been an advocate for environmental causes in Iceland. A retrospective exhibition dedicated to Björk was held at New York's Museum of Modern Art in 2015.\n\n", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "artist": "Frédéric Vicomte", "credit": "https://www.instagram.com/fredericpirate/", "imageName": "File:Bjork_Orkestral_Paris_(cropped).png", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bjork_Orkestral_Paris_%28cropped%29.png/960px-Bjork_Orkestral_Paris_%28cropped%29.png", "localImage": "images/field-famous-25-bjork.png" }, { "id": "field-famous-26-hayao-miyazaki", "groupId": "field-famous", "groupTitle": "B. Field-famous specialists", "requestedTitle": "Hayao Miyazaki", "title": "Hayao Miyazaki", "rationale": "animation director", "wikidataId": "Q55400", "wikidataDescription": "Japanese animator, film director, and mangaka (born 1941)", "sitelinks": 110, "extract": "Hayao Miyazaki (宮崎 駿 or 宮﨑 駿, Miyazaki Hayao; [mijaꜜzaki hajao]; born January 5, 1941) is a Japanese animator, filmmaker, and manga artist. He co-founded Studio Ghibli and serves as its honorary chairman. Throughout his career, Miyazaki has attained international acclaim as a masterful storyteller and creator of Japanese animated feature films, and is widely regarded as one of the most influential and accomplished filmmakers in the history of animation.\nBorn in Tokyo City, Miyazaki expressed interest in manga and animation from an early age. He joined Toei Animation in 1963, working as an inbetween artist and key animator on films including Gulliver's Travels Beyond the Moon (1965), The Great Adventure of Horus, Prince of the Sun (1968), and Animal Treasure Island (1971), before moving to A-Pro in 1971, where he co-directed Lupin the Third Part I (1971–1972) alongside Isao Takahata. After moving to Zuiyō Eizō (later Nippon Animation) in 1973, Miyazaki worked as an animator on World Masterpiece Theater and directed the television series Future Boy Conan (1978). He joined Tokyo Movie Shinsha in 1979 to direct his first feature film, The Castle of Cagliostro (1979), and the television series Sherlock Hound (1984–1985). He wrote and illustrated the manga Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (1982–1994) and directed the 1984 film adaptation produced by Topcraft.\nMiyazaki co-founded Studio Ghibli in 1985, writing and directing films such as Laputa: Castle in the Sky (1986), My Neighbor Totoro (1988), Kiki's Delivery Service (1989), and Porco Rosso (1992), which were met with critical and commercial success in Japan. Miyazaki's Princess Mononoke (1997) was the first animated film to win the Japan Academy Film Prize for Picture of the Year and briefly became the highest-grossing film in Japan; its Western distribution increased Ghibli's worldwide popularity and influence. Spirited Away (2001) became Japan's highest-grossing film and won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature; it is frequently ranked among the greatest films of the 21st century. Miyazaki's later films—Howl's Moving Castle (2004), Ponyo (2008), and The Wind Rises (2013)—also enjoyed critical and commercial success. He retired from feature films in 2013 but later returned to make The Boy and the Heron (2023), which won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature.\nMiyazaki's works are frequently subject to scholarly analysis and have been characterized by the recurrence of themes such as humanity's relationship with nature and technology, the importance of art and craftsmanship, and the difficulty of maintaining a pacifist ethic in a violent world. His protagonists are often strong girls or young women, and several of his films present morally ambiguous antagonists with redeeming qualities. Miyazaki's works have been highly praised and awarded; he was named a Person of Cultural Merit for outstanding cultural contributions in 2012, received the Academy Honorary Award for his impact on animation and cinema in 2014, and the Ramon Magsaysay Award in 2024. Miyazaki has frequently been cited as an inspiration for numerous animators, directors, and writers.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayao_Miyazaki", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "artist": "Natasha Baucas at https://www.flickr.com/photos/sdnatasha/", "credit": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/sdnatasha/3768086664/", "imageName": "File:HayaoMiyazakiCCJuly09.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/HayaoMiyazakiCCJuly09.jpg", "localImage": "images/field-famous-26-hayao-miyazaki.jpg" }, { "id": "field-famous-27-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie", "groupId": "field-famous", "groupTitle": "B. Field-famous specialists", "requestedTitle": "Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie", "title": "Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie", "rationale": "novelist", "wikidataId": "Q230141", "wikidataDescription": "Nigerian writer (born 1977)", "sitelinks": 94, "extract": "Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (; born 15 September 1977) is a Nigerian writer, whose works include fiction, nonfiction, and lectures. She is widely recognised as a central figure in postcolonial feminist literature.\nBorn into an Igbo family in Enugu, Nigeria, Adichie was educated at the University of Nigeria in Nsukka, where she studied medicine for a year and half. She left Nigeria at the age of 19 to study in the United States at Drexel University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and went on to study at Eastern Connecticut State University, Johns Hopkins University, and Yale University in the U.S.\nMany of Adichie's novels are set in Nsukka, where she grew up. She started writing during her university education. She first wrote Decisions (1997), a poetry collection, followed by a play, For Love of Biafra (1998). She achieved early success with her debut novel, Purple Hibiscus. Adichie has written many works and has cited Chinua Achebe and Buchi Emecheta as inspirations. Her writing style juxtaposes Western and African influences, with particular influence from Igbo culture. Most of her works explore the themes of religion, immigration, gender and culture.\nAdichie is a public speaker who has spoken at many commencement ceremonies, including at Williams College (2017), Harvard University (2018), and the American University (2019). She has also delivered Ted Talks, among them, \"The Danger of a Single Story\" (2009) and \"We Should All Be Feminists\" (2012). Part of the latter was featured by American singer Beyoncé in her song, as well as being featured on a T-shirt by Dior in 2016. Adichie's awards and honours include academic and literary prizes, fellowships, grants, honorary degrees, and other high recognition, such as a MacArthur Fellowship in 2008 and induction into the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2017.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimamanda_Ngozi_Adichie", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "artist": "librairie mollat", "credit": "YouTube : Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie - Americanah (Time: 6m19s)", "imageName": "File:Chimamanda_Ngozi_Adichie_(2015).png", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Chimamanda_Ngozi_Adichie_%282015%29.png", "localImage": "images/field-famous-27-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie.png" }, { "id": "field-famous-28-zaha-hadid", "groupId": "field-famous", "groupTitle": "B. Field-famous specialists", "requestedTitle": "Zaha Hadid", "title": "Zaha Hadid", "rationale": "architect", "wikidataId": "Q47780", "wikidataDescription": "Iraqi British architect, designer and painter (1950–2016)", "sitelinks": 96, "extract": "Dame Zaha Mohammad Hadid (Arabic: زَها حديد, romanized: Zahā Ḥadīd; 31 October 1950 – 31 March 2016) was an Iraqi and British architect, artist, and designer. She is recognised as a key figure in the architecture of the late-20th and early-21st centuries. Born in Baghdad, Iraq, Hadid studied mathematics as an undergraduate and later enrolled at the Architectural Association School of Architecture in 1972. In search of an alternative to traditional architectural drawing, and influenced by Suprematism and the Russian avant-garde, Hadid adopted painting as a design tool and abstraction as a method to \"reinvestigate the aborted and untested experiments of Modernism [...] to unveil new fields of building\".\nShe was described by The Guardian as the \"Queen of Curves\", who \"liberated architectural geometry, giving it a whole new expressive identity\". Her major works include the London Aquatics Centre for the 2012 Olympics, the Broad Art Museum, Rome's MAXXI Museum, and the Guangzhou Opera House. Some of her awards have been presented posthumously, including the statuette for the 2017 Brit Awards. She was also recognized by the 2013 Forbes List as one of the \"World's Most Powerful Women\". Several of her buildings were still under construction at the time of her death, including the Daxing International Airport in Beijing and the Al Wakrah Stadium (now Al Janoub) in Qatar, a venue for the 2022 FIFA World Cup.\nHadid was the first woman to receive the Pritzker Architecture Prize, in 2004. She also received the UK's most prestigious architectural award, the Stirling Prize, in 2010 and 2011. In 2012, she was made a Dame by Elizabeth II for services to architecture, and in February 2016, the month before her death, she became the first woman to be individually awarded the Royal Gold Medal from the Royal Institute of British Architects (Ray Eames and Sheila O'Donnell had previously received it jointly with Charles Eames and John Tuomey respectively).", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaha_Hadid", "commonsUrl": "http://artlibre.org/licence/lal/en", "license": "FAL", "artist": "Dmitry Ternovoy", "credit": "https://terranova.viewbook.com/album/portraits.html", "imageName": "File:Zaha_Hadid_in_Heydar_Aliyev_Cultural_center_in_Baku_nov_2013.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Zaha_Hadid_in_Heydar_Aliyev_Cultural_center_in_Baku_nov_2013.jpg/960px-Zaha_Hadid_in_Heydar_Aliyev_Cultural_center_in_Baku_nov_2013.jpg", "localImage": "images/field-famous-28-zaha-hadid.jpg" }, { "id": "field-famous-29-hideo-kojima", "groupId": "field-famous", "groupTitle": "B. Field-famous specialists", "requestedTitle": "Hideo Kojima", "title": "Hideo Kojima", "rationale": "game designer", "wikidataId": "Q315577", "wikidataDescription": "Japanese video game designer (born 1963)", "sitelinks": 50, "extract": "Hideo Kojima (小島 秀夫, Kojima Hideo; born August 24, 1963) is a Japanese video game designer, writer, director, producer, and internet personality. He is best known for the Metal Gear franchise, which remains his most famous and acclaimed work, as well as Death Stranding and its sequel. His games are noted for being highly cinematic, the result of a passion for film and literature which began during his childhood, and he is regarded as a pioneering auteur of video games.\nUpon joining Konami in 1986, Kojima directed, designed, and wrote Metal Gear (1987) for the MSX2. The game laid the foundation for the stealth game genre and the renowned Metal Gear franchise, which he continued to direct for 28 years up to the release of Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain (2015). During his time at Konami, he created the Boktai series as well as producing the Zone of the Enders series and Castlevania: Lords of Shadow. He also designed and wrote Snatcher (1988) and Policenauts (1994), which were graphic adventure games that came to be regarded for their cinematic presentation.\nKojima founded Kojima Productions within Konami in 2005, and in 2011 he was appointed vice president of Konami Digital Entertainment. In 2014, Kojima was revealed as the director for Silent Hills, the next installment in the Silent Hill franchise, via the playable teaser P.T. which received critical acclaim and is considered as one of the greatest horror games of all time. However, the game was cancelled by Konami in 2015, shortly before Kojima's departure from the company. He then re-established Kojima Productions as an independent studio in December 2015 and released his first games outside Konami with Death Stranding (2019) and Death Stranding 2: On the Beach (2025).", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideo_Kojima", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "artist": "Kolby Ari", "credit": "Own work", "imageName": "File:Hideo_Kojima_2025_SXSW_(cropped).jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Hideo_Kojima_2025_SXSW_%28cropped%29.jpg/960px-Hideo_Kojima_2025_SXSW_%28cropped%29.jpg", "localImage": "images/field-famous-29-hideo-kojima.jpg" }, { "id": "field-famous-30-lin-manuel-miranda", "groupId": "field-famous", "groupTitle": "B. Field-famous specialists", "requestedTitle": "Lin-Manuel Miranda", "title": "Lin-Manuel Miranda", "rationale": "theater composer", "wikidataId": "Q1646482", "wikidataDescription": "American songwriter and composer (born 1980)", "sitelinks": 45, "extract": "Lin-Manuel Miranda ( man-WELL; born January 16, 1980) is an American songwriter, actor, filmmaker and librettist. He created the Broadway musicals In the Heights and Hamilton, and the soundtracks for the animated films Moana, Vivo, and Encanto. He has received numerous accolades including a Pulitzer Prize for Drama, three Tony Awards, two Laurence Olivier Awards, two Emmy Awards, and five Grammy Awards, along with nominations for two Academy Awards. He received the Kennedy Center Honor in 2018.\nMiranda made his Broadway debut in 2008, writing the music and lyrics for and starring in the musical In the Heights, which won the Tony Award for Best Musical and Best Original Score and the Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album. It was later adapted as a 2021 film of the same name. Miranda returned to Broadway in 2015, writing the script, music, and lyrics, as well as starring in the musical Hamilton, which was praised by critics and became a popular culture phenomenon. Hamilton won the Pulitzer Prize and was nominated for a record 16 Tonys and won 11, including Miranda's first win for the Best Book of a Musical. The Hamilton cast recording spent 10 weeks atop Billboard's Top Rap Albums chart and became the eleventh-biggest album of the 2010s.\nA frequent collaborator of the Walt Disney Company, Miranda has written original songs for the studio. He gained two Oscar nominations for \"How Far I'll Go\" and \"Dos Oruguitas\" from Moana and Encanto, respectively. The song \"We Don't Talk About Bruno\" from Encanto broke various records and marked Miranda's first number-one song on the US Billboard Hot 100 and the UK Singles charts. He starred as Jack in the musical fantasy Mary Poppins Returns (2018), for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe. For his performance in the Disney+ live stage recording of Hamilton released in 2020, he received a Golden Globe and Primetime Emmy nomination. Miranda debuted as a film director with Tick, Tick...Boom!.\nHis television work includes recurring roles on The Electric Company (2009–2010) and His Dark Materials (2019–2022). Miranda hosted Saturday Night Live in 2016, and had a guest role on Curb Your Enthusiasm in 2018; he was nominated once for the Primetime Emmy. He has been politically active on behalf of Puerto Rico. Miranda met with politicians in 2016 to speak out in favor of debt relief for Puerto Rico and raised funds for rescue efforts and disaster relief after Hurricane Maria in 2017.\n\n", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin-Manuel_Miranda", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0", "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0", "artist": "Gage Skidmore from Peoria, AZ, United States of America", "credit": "Lin-Manuel Miranda & James McAvoy", "imageName": "File:Lin-Manuel_Miranda_&_James_McAvoy_(48383681926)_(cropped).jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Lin-Manuel_Miranda_%26_James_McAvoy_%2848383681926%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/960px-Lin-Manuel_Miranda_%26_James_McAvoy_%2848383681926%29_%28cropped%29.jpg", "localImage": "images/field-famous-30-lin-manuel-miranda.jpg" }, { "id": "long-tail-01-andreas-schleicher", "groupId": "long-tail", "groupTitle": "C. Long-tail Wikipedia notables", "requestedTitle": "Andreas Schleicher", "title": "Andreas Schleicher", "rationale": "education researcher", "wikidataId": "Q71557", "wikidataDescription": "German statistician", "sitelinks": 8, "extract": "Andreas Schleicher (born 7 July 1964) is a German mathematician, statistician and researcher in the field of education who is currently the director for education and skills, and special adviser on education policy to the secretary-general, at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in Paris.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Schleicher", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0", "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0", "artist": "re:publica from Germany", "credit": "re:publica 2013 Tag 3 – Andreas Schleicher", "imageName": "File:Andreas_Schleicher,_2013_(cropped).jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Andreas_Schleicher%2C_2013_%28cropped%29.jpg", "localImage": "images/long-tail-01-andreas-schleicher.jpg" }, { "id": "long-tail-02-monique-frize", "groupId": "long-tail", "groupTitle": "C. Long-tail Wikipedia notables", "requestedTitle": "Monique Frize", "title": "Monique Frize", "rationale": "biomedical engineer", "wikidataId": "Q40138", "wikidataDescription": "Canadian academic and biomedical engineer", "sitelinks": 8, "extract": "Monique Frize, , née Aubry (born 7 January 1942) is a Canadian biomedical engineer and professor, knowledgeable in medical instruments and decision support systems. Notably, her scientific research and outreach efforts led her to receive the prestigious distinction of Officer of the Order of Canada.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monique_Frize", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "artist": "Mfrize", "credit": "Own work", "imageName": "File:FRIZE_MP09285_(1).jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/FRIZE_MP09285_%281%29.jpg/960px-FRIZE_MP09285_%281%29.jpg", "localImage": "images/long-tail-02-monique-frize.jpg" }, { "id": "long-tail-03-ken-mogi", "groupId": "long-tail", "groupTitle": "C. Long-tail Wikipedia notables", "requestedTitle": "Ken Mogi", "title": "Ken Mogi", "rationale": "neuroscientist/writer", "wikidataId": "Q3242928", "wikidataDescription": "Japanese scientist", "sitelinks": 8, "extract": "Kenichirō \"Ken\" Mogi (茂木 健一郎, Mogi Kenichirō; born October 20, 1962 in Tokyo) is a Japanese scientist. He is a senior researcher at Sony Computer Science Laboratories and a visiting professor at the University of Tokyo. According to the profile posted at his personal blog, his mission is \"to solve the so-called mind-brain problem\".\nAfter graduating from the University of Tokyo in 1985 with a degree in science and in 1987 with a degree in law, Mogi received in 1992 a Ph.D. with the thesis \"Mathematical Model of Muscle Contraction\".\nKen Mogi was Japan's first TED speaker. He presented in 2012 March.\nMogi has published over 50 books, most of which are written in Japanese. They cover not only brain science but also include, but are not limited to, philosophy, history, art, education, and linguistics. His books have been frequently used as a source of university entrance examinations. His book \"Nō to Kasō\" (脳と仮想; \"Brain and Imagination\") has received the 2005 Hideo Kobayashi award, and another book \"Ima Koko kara Subete no Basho e\" (今ここからすべての場所へ; \"From Here, to Everywhere\") has received the 2008 Takeo Kuwabara academic award.\nIn 2009, Mogi was charged with violation of tax laws by the National Tax Agency. Mogi failed to file a tax return for his income of 400 million yen (US$5.2 million) over 3 years.\nIn 2018, Mogi published his first book in English titled \"Ikigai\", in which he discussed the topic of the same name.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Mogi", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "artist": "Joi", "credit": "Ken Mogi on Flickr - Photo Sharing!", "imageName": "File:Kenichiro_Mogi_20071117.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Kenichiro_Mogi_20071117.jpg/960px-Kenichiro_Mogi_20071117.jpg", "localImage": "images/long-tail-03-ken-mogi.jpg" }, { "id": "long-tail-04-janet-biehl", "groupId": "long-tail", "groupTitle": "C. Long-tail Wikipedia notables", "requestedTitle": "Janet Biehl", "title": "Janet Biehl", "rationale": "writer/translator", "wikidataId": "Q535664", "wikidataDescription": "American author, philosopher, and artist (born 1953)", "sitelinks": 8, "extract": "Janet Biehl (born September 4, 1953) is an American author, copyeditor, translator, and artist. She authored several books and articles associated with social ecology, the body of ideas developed and publicized by Murray Bookchin. Formerly an advocate of his antistatist political program, she broke with it publicly in 2011 and now identifies as a progressive Democrat. \nSince the early 1980s she has earned her living as a freelance copyeditor for New York book publishers including Random House, Knopf Doubleday, W.W. Norton, and Farrar Straus & Giroux. She is also a graphic artist and illustrator.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Biehl", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "artist": "Janetbiehl", "credit": "Own work", "imageName": "File:Photo_on_11-6-14_at_9.29_AM.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Photo_on_11-6-14_at_9.29_AM.jpg", "localImage": "images/long-tail-04-janet-biehl.jpg" }, { "id": "long-tail-05-kabir-stori", "groupId": "long-tail", "groupTitle": "C. Long-tail Wikipedia notables", "requestedTitle": "Kabir Stori", "title": "Kabir Stori", "rationale": "poet/political activist", "wikidataId": "Q327643", "wikidataDescription": "Afghan poet", "sitelinks": 8, "extract": "Kabir Stori (Pashto: کبیر ستوری, IPA: [kaˈbiɾ ˈstori]; 6 April 1942 – 4 April 2006) was a Pashtun nationalist, poet, and writer. He is the founder of the Pashtoons Social Democratic Party.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabir_Stori", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "artist": "storipohyal", "credit": "Own work", "imageName": "File:Kabir_Stori_in_Khas_Kunar_.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Kabir_Stori_in_Khas_Kunar_.jpg/960px-Kabir_Stori_in_Khas_Kunar_.jpg", "localImage": "images/long-tail-05-kabir-stori.jpg" }, { "id": "long-tail-06-todd-stern", "groupId": "long-tail", "groupTitle": "C. Long-tail Wikipedia notables", "requestedTitle": "Todd Stern", "title": "Todd Stern", "rationale": "climate diplomat", "wikidataId": "Q437599", "wikidataDescription": "American politician", "sitelinks": 8, "extract": "Todd D. Stern (born May 4, 1951) is an American lawyer and diplomat. He served as the United States Special Envoy for Climate Change and was the United States' chief negotiator at the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Stern", "commonsUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Todd_Stern_appointed_Special_Envoy_for_Climate_Change_1-26-09.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "artist": "Michael Gross", "credit": "https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/pix/2009a/01/115420.htm", "imageName": "File:Todd_Stern_appointed_Special_Envoy_for_Climate_Change_1-26-09.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Todd_Stern_appointed_Special_Envoy_for_Climate_Change_1-26-09.jpg", "localImage": "images/long-tail-06-todd-stern.jpg" }, { "id": "long-tail-07-boris-kerner", "groupId": "long-tail", "groupTitle": "C. Long-tail Wikipedia notables", "requestedTitle": "Boris Kerner", "title": "Boris Kerner", "rationale": "traffic scientist", "wikidataId": "Q88123", "wikidataDescription": "Russian-German physicist", "sitelinks": 8, "extract": "Boris S. Kerner (born 1947) is a German physicist and civil engineer who created three phase traffic theory. The three phase traffic theory is the framework for the description of empirical vehicular traffic states in three traffic phases: (i) free traffic flow (F), (ii) synchronized traffic flow (S), and (iii) wide moving jam (J). The synchronized traffic flow and wide moving jam phases belong to congested traffic.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Kerner", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "artist": "Pino2203", "credit": "Own work", "imageName": "File:Boris_Kerner_2018.png", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Boris_Kerner_2018.png/960px-Boris_Kerner_2018.png", "localImage": "images/long-tail-07-boris-kerner.png" }, { "id": "long-tail-08-sara-seager", "groupId": "long-tail", "groupTitle": "C. Long-tail Wikipedia notables", "requestedTitle": "Sara Seager", "title": "Sara Seager", "rationale": "astronomer", "wikidataId": "Q7421764", "wikidataDescription": "Canadian astronomer and planetary scientist", "sitelinks": 30, "extract": "Sara Seager (born July 21, 1971) is a Canadian-American astronomer and planetary scientist. She is a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, though she will return to her alma mater the University of Toronto to join the Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics (CITA) as North Star Distinguished Professor, starting September 1, 2026. Seager is known for her work on extrasolar planets and their atmospheres. She is the author of two textbooks on these topics, and has been recognized for her research by Popular Science, Discover Magazine, Nature, and TIME Magazine. Seager was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship in 2013 citing her theoretical work on detecting chemical signatures on exoplanet atmospheres and developing low-cost space observatories to observe planetary transits.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Seager", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "artist": "Conrad Erb", "credit": "Science History Institute , Conrad Erb", "imageName": "File:Sara_Seager_CHF-Cain-Conference-May-2016-059.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sara_Seager_CHF-Cain-Conference-May-2016-059.jpg/960px-Sara_Seager_CHF-Cain-Conference-May-2016-059.jpg", "localImage": "images/long-tail-08-sara-seager.jpg" }, { "id": "long-tail-09-athene-donald", "groupId": "long-tail", "groupTitle": "C. Long-tail Wikipedia notables", "requestedTitle": "Athene Donald", "title": "Athene Donald", "rationale": "physicist", "wikidataId": "Q513936", "wikidataDescription": "British physicist", "sitelinks": 16, "extract": "Dame Athene Margaret Donald (née Griffith; born 15 May 1953) is a British physicist. She was Professor Emerita of Experimental Physics at the University of Cambridge, and former Master of Churchill College, Cambridge.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athene_Donald", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "artist": "Fnorman-london", "credit": "This image has been extracted from another file", "imageName": "File:Athene_Donald_(cropped).jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Athene_Donald_%28cropped%29.jpg/960px-Athene_Donald_%28cropped%29.jpg", "localImage": "images/long-tail-09-athene-donald.jpg" }, { "id": "long-tail-10-nalini-nadkarni", "groupId": "long-tail", "groupTitle": "C. Long-tail Wikipedia notables", "requestedTitle": "Nalini Nadkarni", "title": "Nalini Nadkarni", "rationale": "ecologist", "wikidataId": "Q1275902", "wikidataDescription": "American Ecologist", "sitelinks": 8, "extract": "Nalini Nadkarni (born October 13, 1954) is an American forest ecologist who pioneered the study of Costa Rican rain forest canopies. Using mountain climbing equipment to make her ascent, Nadkarni first took an inventory of the canopy in 1981, followed by two more inventories in 1984.\n\n", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalini_Nadkarni", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "artist": "Bill Holsinger-Robinson", "credit": "IMG_2430", "imageName": "File:Nalini_Nadkarni_speaking_at_TED_in_2009.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Nalini_Nadkarni_speaking_at_TED_in_2009.jpg/960px-Nalini_Nadkarni_speaking_at_TED_in_2009.jpg", "localImage": "images/long-tail-10-nalini-nadkarni.jpg" }, { "id": "long-tail-11-manu-prakash", "groupId": "long-tail", "groupTitle": "C. Long-tail Wikipedia notables", "requestedTitle": "Manu Prakash", "title": "Manu Prakash", "rationale": "bioengineer", "wikidataId": "Q22063727", "wikidataDescription": "biophysicist", "sitelinks": 6, "extract": "Manu Prakash is an Indian scientist who is a professor of bioengineering at Stanford University. Manu was born in Meerut, India. He is best known for his contributions to the Foldscope and Paperfuge.\nPrakash received the MacArthur Fellowship in September 2016. He and his team at Stanford University have developed a synchronous computer that operates using the physics of moving water droplets. His work focuses on frugal innovation that makes medicine, computing and microscopy accessible to more people across the world.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manu_Prakash", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "artist": "TED", "credit": "ted.com", "imageName": "File:Manu_Prakash_at_TED.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Manu_Prakash_at_TED.jpg/960px-Manu_Prakash_at_TED.jpg", "localImage": "images/long-tail-11-manu-prakash.jpg" }, { "id": "long-tail-12-pardis-sabeti", "groupId": "long-tail", "groupTitle": "C. Long-tail Wikipedia notables", "requestedTitle": "Pardis Sabeti", "title": "Pardis Sabeti", "rationale": "computational geneticist", "wikidataId": "Q3063122", "wikidataDescription": "Iranian-American biologist, Harvard University", "sitelinks": 18, "extract": "Pardis Christine Sabeti (Persian: پردیس ثابتی; born 25 December 1975) is an Iranian-American computational biologist, medical geneticist, and evolutionary geneticist. She is a professor in the Center for Systems Biology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University, professor of Immunology and Infectious Disease at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, core institute member at the Broad Institute, and an investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.\nSabeti and her lab initiated technologies for detecting, tracking, and countering deadly pathogens, including Ebola, Zika, Lassa, and SARS-CoV-2. They also created algorithms and molecular tools to characterize the human genome and methods for gene delivery of new biomedicines to specific tissues. \nSabeti was named one of Time Magazine's Persons of the Year in 2014 (Ebola Fighters), and one of the Time 100 most influential people in 2015. Her continued efforts including during the COVID-19 pandemic led her to receive a Time 100 Impact Award and to be inducted into the National Academy of Medicine. She is the current host of the educational series Against All Odds: Inside Statistics sponsored by Annenberg Learner and a Crash Course on Outbreak Science and is the lead singer and a writer for the rock band Thousand Days.\n\n", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardis_Sabeti", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0", "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0", "artist": "PopTech from Camden, Maine and Brooklyn, NY, USA", "credit": "Pardis Sabeti - PopTech 2011 - Camden Maine USA", "imageName": "File:Pardis_Sabeti_-_PopTech_2011_-_Camden_Maine_USA.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pardis_Sabeti_-_PopTech_2011_-_Camden_Maine_USA.jpg/960px-Pardis_Sabeti_-_PopTech_2011_-_Camden_Maine_USA.jpg", "localImage": "images/long-tail-12-pardis-sabeti.jpg" }, { "id": "long-tail-13-rana-el-kaliouby", "groupId": "long-tail", "groupTitle": "C. Long-tail Wikipedia notables", "requestedTitle": "Rana el Kaliouby", "title": "Rana el Kaliouby", "rationale": "computer scientist", "wikidataId": "Q17465952", "wikidataDescription": "Egyptian-American computer scientist and entrepreneur", "sitelinks": 18, "extract": "Rana el Kaliouby (Arabic: رنا القليوبي; born 1978) is an Egyptian-American computer scientist. She is the co-founder, with Rosalind Picard, and CEO of Affectiva.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rana_el_Kaliouby", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "artist": "Cairue", "credit": "Own work", "imageName": "File:Rana_El_Kaliouby.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Rana_El_Kaliouby.jpg/960px-Rana_El_Kaliouby.jpg", "localImage": "images/long-tail-13-rana-el-kaliouby.jpg" }, { "id": "long-tail-14-dina-katabi", "groupId": "long-tail", "groupTitle": "C. Long-tail Wikipedia notables", "requestedTitle": "Dina Katabi", "title": "Dina Katabi", "rationale": "computer scientist", "wikidataId": "Q15995234", "wikidataDescription": "American computer scientist", "sitelinks": 14, "extract": "Dina Katabi (Arabic: دينا قَتابي) is the Andrew and Erna Viterbi Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT and the director of the MIT Wireless Center. She was designated as one of the world's most influential women engineers by Forbes magazine.\n\n", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dina_Katabi", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "artist": "World Economic Forum", "credit": "Repurposing Wi-Fi to enable health-aware homes Dina Katabi", "imageName": "File:Dina_Katabi.png", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Dina_Katabi.png/960px-Dina_Katabi.png", "localImage": "images/long-tail-14-dina-katabi.png" }, { "id": "long-tail-15-barbara-liskov", "groupId": "long-tail", "groupTitle": "C. Long-tail Wikipedia notables", "requestedTitle": "Barbara Liskov", "title": "Barbara Liskov", "rationale": "computer scientist", "wikidataId": "Q16080922", "wikidataDescription": "American computer scientist", "sitelinks": 51, "extract": "Barbara Jane Liskov (née Huberman; born November 7, 1939) is an American computer scientist who has made pioneering contributions to programming languages and distributed computing. Her notable work includes the introduction of abstract data types and the accompanying principle of data abstraction, along with the Liskov substitution principle, which applies these ideas to object-oriented programming, subtyping, and inheritance. Her work was recognized with the 2008 Turing Award, the highest distinction in computer science.\nLiskov is one of the earliest women to have been granted a doctorate in computer science in the United States, and the second woman to receive the Turing Award. She is currently an Institute Professor and Ford Professor of Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Liskov", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "artist": "Kenneth C. Zirkel", "credit": "Own work", "imageName": "File:Barbara_Liskov_MIT_computer_scientist_2010.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Barbara_Liskov_MIT_computer_scientist_2010.jpg/960px-Barbara_Liskov_MIT_computer_scientist_2010.jpg", "localImage": "images/long-tail-15-barbara-liskov.jpg" }, { "id": "long-tail-16-sophie-wilson", "groupId": "long-tail", "groupTitle": "C. Long-tail Wikipedia notables", "requestedTitle": "Sophie Wilson", "title": "Sophie Wilson", "rationale": "computer scientist", "wikidataId": "Q16489", "wikidataDescription": "British computer scientist (born 1957)", "sitelinks": 22, "extract": "Sophie Mary Wilson (born Roger Wilson; June 1957) is an English computer scientist, a co-designer of the instruction set for the ARM architecture.\nWilson first designed a microcomputer during a break from studies at Selwyn College, Cambridge. She subsequently joined Acorn Computers and was instrumental in designing the BBC Microcomputer, including the BBC BASIC programming language. She first began designing the ARM reduced instruction set computer (RISC) in 1983, which entered production two years later. It became popular in embedded systems and is now the most widely used processor architecture in smartphones. In 2011, she was listed in Maximum PC as number 8 in an article titled \"The 15 Most Important Women in Tech History\". She was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 2019.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Wilson", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "artist": "Chris Monk", "credit": "Flickr", "imageName": "File:Sophie_Wilson.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Sophie_Wilson.jpg", "localImage": "images/long-tail-16-sophie-wilson.jpg" }, { "id": "long-tail-17-radia-perlman", "groupId": "long-tail", "groupTitle": "C. Long-tail Wikipedia notables", "requestedTitle": "Radia Perlman", "title": "Radia Perlman", "rationale": "computer scientist", "wikidataId": "Q7558", "wikidataDescription": "American software designer and network engineer (born 1951)", "sitelinks": 32, "extract": "Radia Joy Perlman (; born December 18, 1951) is an American computer programmer and network engineer. She is a major figure in assembling the networks and technology to enable what we now know as the Internet. She is most famous for her invention of the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP), which is fundamental to the operation of network bridges, while working for Digital Equipment Corporation, thus earning her nickname \"Mother of the Internet\" a title that she did not like. Her innovations have made a huge impact on how networks self-organize and move data. She also made large contributions to many other areas of network design and standardization – for example, enabling today's link-state routing protocols to be more robust, scalable, and easy to manage.\nPerlman was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2019 for contributions to Internet routing and bridging protocols. She holds over 100 issued patents. She was elected to the Internet Hall of Fame in 2014, and to the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2016. She received lifetime achievement awards from USENIX in 2006 and from the Association for Computing Machinery’s SIGCOMM in 2010.\nMore recently, she has invented the TRILL protocol to correct some of the shortcomings of spanning trees, allowing Ethernet to make optimal use of bandwidth. As of 2022, she was a Fellow at Dell Technologies.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radia_Perlman", "commonsUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Radia_Perlman_2009.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "artist": "Scientist-100 at English Wikipedia", "credit": "Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons.", "imageName": "File:Radia_Perlman_2009.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Radia_Perlman_2009.jpg/960px-Radia_Perlman_2009.jpg", "localImage": "images/long-tail-17-radia-perlman.jpg" }, { "id": "long-tail-18-leslie-lamport", "groupId": "long-tail", "groupTitle": "C. Long-tail Wikipedia notables", "requestedTitle": "Leslie Lamport", "title": "Leslie Lamport", "rationale": "computer scientist", "wikidataId": "Q92613", "wikidataDescription": "American computer scientist", "sitelinks": 43, "extract": "Leslie Barry Lamport (born February 7, 1941) is an American computer scientist and mathematician. Lamport is best known for his seminal work in distributed systems, and as the initial developer of the document preparation system LaTeX and the author of its first manual.\nLamport was the winner of the 2013 Turing Award for imposing clear, well-defined coherence on the seemingly chaotic behavior of distributed computing systems, in which several autonomous computers communicate with each other by passing messages. He devised important algorithms and developed formal modeling and verification protocols that improve the quality of real distributed systems. These contributions have resulted in improved correctness, performance, and reliability of computer systems.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Lamport", "commonsUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leslie_Lamport.jpg", "license": "Copyrighted free use", "artist": "Leslie Lamport", "credit": "https://web.archive.org/web/20080809045739/http://lamport.org/ Source of original version: https://web.archive.org/web/20030204122708/http://lamport.org/", "imageName": "File:Leslie_Lamport.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Leslie_Lamport.jpg", "localImage": "images/long-tail-18-leslie-lamport.jpg" }, { "id": "long-tail-19-fatou-bensouda", "groupId": "long-tail", "groupTitle": "C. Long-tail Wikipedia notables", "requestedTitle": "Fatou Bensouda", "title": "Fatou Bensouda", "rationale": "international lawyer", "wikidataId": "Q508482", "wikidataDescription": "Gambian lawyer and judge, Chief prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (2012–2021)", "sitelinks": 36, "extract": "Fatou Bom Bensouda (; née Nyang; born 31 January 1961) is a Gambian lawyer and former Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC), who has served as the Gambian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom since 3 August 2022.\nShe served as prosecutor at the International Criminal Court (ICC) from June 2012 to June 2021, after having served as a deputy prosecutor in charge of the prosecutions division of the ICC from 2004 to 2012. She earlier served as a Minister of Justice and Attorney General of The Gambia from 1998 to 2000. She has also held positions as a legal adviser and a trial attorney at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR).\nOn 2 September 2020, Bensouda was named a \"specially designated national\" by the United States government under the Trump administration, forbidding all U.S. persons and companies from doing business with her. The Biden administration reversed course on 2 April 2021 when President Joe Biden revoked EO 13928, removing Bensouda from the SDN list; US Secretary of State Antony Blinken released a statement calling the previous sanctions \"inappropriate and ineffective\", but restated that Washington would continue opposing ICC's actions relating to Afghanistan and the Palestinian conflict.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatou_Bensouda", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "artist": "Max Koot Studio", "credit": "Own work", "imageName": "File:FatouBensouda.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/FatouBensouda.jpg/960px-FatouBensouda.jpg", "localImage": "images/long-tail-19-fatou-bensouda.jpg" }, { "id": "long-tail-20-hina-jilani", "groupId": "long-tail", "groupTitle": "C. Long-tail Wikipedia notables", "requestedTitle": "Hina Jilani", "title": "Hina Jilani", "rationale": "human rights lawyer", "wikidataId": "Q541751", "wikidataDescription": "Pakistani activist", "sitelinks": 25, "extract": "Hina Jilani (Urdu: حنا جیلانی؛ born 19 December 1953) is a lawyer at the Supreme Court of Pakistan and a human rights advocate from Lahore, Punjab. She co-founded Pakistan's first all-women law firm, its first legal aid centre, and the Women's Action Forum.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hina_Jilani", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "artist": "Women Deliver", "credit": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/womendeliver/27103429850/", "imageName": "File:Hina_Jilani_at_Women_Deliver_-_2016_(27103429850)_(cropped).jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Hina_Jilani_at_Women_Deliver_-_2016_%2827103429850%29_%28cropped%29.jpg", "localImage": "images/long-tail-20-hina-jilani.jpg" }, { "id": "long-tail-21-jenny-erpenbeck", "groupId": "long-tail", "groupTitle": "C. Long-tail Wikipedia notables", "requestedTitle": "Jenny Erpenbeck", "title": "Jenny Erpenbeck", "rationale": "novelist", "wikidataId": "Q85361", "wikidataDescription": "German opera director and writer (born 1967)", "sitelinks": 38, "extract": "Jenny Erpenbeck (German pronunciation: [ˈdʒɛni ˈɛʁpm̩bɛk]; born 12 March 1967) is a German writer and opera director. She won the 2015 Independent Foreign Fiction Prize for The End of Days and the 2024 International Booker Prize for Kairos.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Erpenbeck", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "artist": "Heike Huslage-Koch", "credit": "Own work", "imageName": "File:Jenny_Erpenbeck_Frankfurter_Buchmesse_2018.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Jenny_Erpenbeck_Frankfurter_Buchmesse_2018.jpg/960px-Jenny_Erpenbeck_Frankfurter_Buchmesse_2018.jpg", "localImage": "images/long-tail-21-jenny-erpenbeck.jpg" }, { "id": "long-tail-22-sigrid-nunez", "groupId": "long-tail", "groupTitle": "C. Long-tail Wikipedia notables", "requestedTitle": "Sigrid Nunez", "title": "Sigrid Nunez", "rationale": "novelist", "wikidataId": "Q7513133", "wikidataDescription": "American writer (1951-)", "sitelinks": 20, "extract": "Sigrid Nunez (born 1951) is an American author and writer who is best known for her novels. Her seventh novel, The Friend, won the 2018 National Book Award for Fiction. In 2025, Nunez was named as the recipient of a Windham-Campbell Literature Prize in the fiction category.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigrid_Nunez", "commonsUrl": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en", "license": "CC0", "artist": "Library of Congress Life", "credit": "20190831RS0155.jpg", "imageName": "File:Sigrid_Nunez_(48684839881)_(cropped).jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Sigrid_Nunez_%2848684839881%29_%28cropped%29.jpg", "localImage": "images/long-tail-22-sigrid-nunez.jpg" }, { "id": "long-tail-23-nnedi-okorafor", "groupId": "long-tail", "groupTitle": "C. Long-tail Wikipedia notables", "requestedTitle": "Nnedi Okorafor", "title": "Nnedi Okorafor", "rationale": "science fiction writer", "wikidataId": "Q3877423", "wikidataDescription": "Nigerian-American writer of fantasy, science fiction, and comics (born 1974)", "sitelinks": 29, "extract": "Nnedimma Nkemdili \"Nnedi\" Okorafor (formerly Okorafor-Mbachu; born April 8, 1974) is a Nigerian American writer of science fiction and fantasy for both children and adults. She is best known for her Binti Series and her novels Who Fears Death, Zahrah the Windseeker, Akata Witch, Akata Warrior, Lagoon and Remote Control. She has also written for comics and film.\nHer writing is Africanfuturism and Africanjujuism, both terms she coined and is heavily influenced by her dual Nigerian and American heritage. She is the recipient of multiple awards, including the Hugo Award, Nebula Award, Eisner Award and World Fantasy Award. She is considered to be among the third generation of Nigerian writers. Okorafor was inducted by the Museum of Pop Culture into the Science Fiction Hall of Fame in 2024.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nnedi_Okorafor", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "artist": "Gage Skidmore", "credit": "Own work", "imageName": "File:Nnedi_Okorafor_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Nnedi_Okorafor_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/960px-Nnedi_Okorafor_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg", "localImage": "images/long-tail-23-nnedi-okorafor.jpg" }, { "id": "long-tail-24-teju-cole", "groupId": "long-tail", "groupTitle": "C. Long-tail Wikipedia notables", "requestedTitle": "Teju Cole", "title": "Teju Cole", "rationale": "writer/photographer", "wikidataId": "Q2401060", "wikidataDescription": "American writer", "sitelinks": 19, "extract": "Teju Cole (; born June 27, 1975) is a Nigerian American writer, photographer, and art historian. He is the author of a novella, Every Day Is for the Thief (2007); a novel, Open City (2011); an essay collection, Known and Strange Things (2016); a photobook, Punto d'Ombra (2016); and a second novel, Tremor (2023). Critics have praised his work as having \"opened a new path in African literature.\"", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teju_Cole", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "artist": "U.S. Consulate General Munich from Germany", "credit": "Teju Cole at Literaturhaus Munich Uploaded by indeedous", "imageName": "File:ConsMunich_Teju_Cole_at_Literaturhaus_Munich_(10740032713)_(cropped).jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/ConsMunich_Teju_Cole_at_Literaturhaus_Munich_%2810740032713%29_%28cropped%29.jpg", "localImage": "images/long-tail-24-teju-cole.jpg" }, { "id": "long-tail-25-xiaolu-guo", "groupId": "long-tail", "groupTitle": "C. Long-tail Wikipedia notables", "requestedTitle": "Xiaolu Guo", "title": "Xiaolu Guo", "rationale": "writer/filmmaker", "wikidataId": "Q451221", "wikidataDescription": "Chinese-British novelist and film director", "sitelinks": 19, "extract": "Xiaolu Guo (Chinese: 郭小橹; born 20 November 1973) is a Chinese-born British author, filmmaker and academic. Her writing and films explore migration, alienation, memory, personal journeys, feminism, translation and transnational identities.\nGuo has directed a dozen films, including documentaries and fiction. Her best-known films include She, a Chinese and We Went to Wonderland. Her novels have been translated into 28 languages. Nine Continents: A Memoir in and out of China won the National Book Critics Circle Award 2017. In 2013, she was named as one of Granta magazine's Best of Young British Novelists, a list drawn up once a decade. She was an inaugural fellow of the Columbia Institute of Ideas and Imagination in Paris, France, in 2018, and a jury member for the Man Booker Prize 2019.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiaolu_Guo", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "artist": "Luigi Novi", "credit": "Own work", "imageName": "File:9.21.14XiaoluGuoByLuigiNovi1.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/9.21.14XiaoluGuoByLuigiNovi1.jpg/960px-9.21.14XiaoluGuoByLuigiNovi1.jpg", "localImage": "images/long-tail-25-xiaolu-guo.jpg" }, { "id": "long-tail-26-mariana-pajon", "groupId": "long-tail", "groupTitle": "C. Long-tail Wikipedia notables", "requestedTitle": "Mariana Pajón", "title": "Mariana Pajón", "rationale": "BMX cyclist", "wikidataId": "Q2358275", "wikidataDescription": "Colombian cyclist", "sitelinks": 31, "extract": "Mariana Pajón Londoño ODB OLY (born 10 October 1991) is a Colombian cyclist, two-time Olympic gold medalist and BMX World Champion.\nShe won her first national title at age 5 and her first world title at 9. Overall, she is the winner of 14 world championships, 2 national championships in the United States, 9 Latin American Championships and 10 Pan American championships. She also won the gold medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, on 10 August 2012, as well as in the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio. She is the first Colombian to win two Olympic gold medals. Pajón's achievements in BMX have earned her the nickname \"Queen of BMX\".\nNamed Colombian Athlete of the Year in 2011, a BMX circuit built in Medellin was named for her, and was the venue where she won the 2016 BMX World Championships.\nShe was selected to be the flag-bearer for Colombia at the 2012 Summer Olympics at the Opening Ceremony.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_Paj%C3%B3n", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "artist": "Seleccionantioquia", "credit": "Own work", "imageName": "File:MarianaPajon.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/MarianaPajon.jpg", "localImage": "images/long-tail-26-mariana-pajon.jpg" }, { "id": "long-tail-27-yulimar-rojas", "groupId": "long-tail", "groupTitle": "C. Long-tail Wikipedia notables", "requestedTitle": "Yulimar Rojas", "title": "Yulimar Rojas", "rationale": "triple jumper", "wikidataId": "Q20680380", "wikidataDescription": "Venezuelan athletics competitor", "sitelinks": 43, "extract": "Yulimar Rojas Rodríguez (Spanish pronunciation: [ɟʝuliˈmaɾ ˈroxas roˈðɾiɣes], also known as Yolimar Rojas; born 21 October 1995) is a Venezuelan athlete who holds the world record for women's triple jump, at 15.74 m (51 ft 7+1⁄2 in). She is the 2020 Olympic champion, a four-time World Champion (2017 London, 2019 Doha, 2022 Eugene and 2023 Budapest), and three-time World Indoor Champion (2016 Portland, 2018 Birmingham and 2022 Belgrade); she is nicknamed la reina del triple salto – queen of the triple jump. Since 2014 she has held, and continued to beat, Venezuelan national records in triple jump and long jump. She is a recipient of the Venezuelan Order of José Félix Ribas – First Class.\nRaised in a deprived area of Venezuela, Rojas was successful in other sports as a teenager but struggled to practice due to lack of resources. Encouraged to move into athletics, she excelled in high jump and sprinting before developing an affinity for the triple jump. She moved to Guadalajara, Spain, in 2015 to continue her athletics training under coach Iván Pedroso, and became dominant in the event. After several years specialising only in the triple jump, she began seriously competing in the long jump again in 2021.\n\n", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yulimar_Rojas", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0", "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0", "artist": "Yann Caradec from Paris, France", "credit": "Yulimar Rojas - Triple saut Femmes", "imageName": "File:Yulimar_Rojas_-_Triple_saut_Femmes_(48614911652)_(cropped).jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Yulimar_Rojas_-_Triple_saut_Femmes_%2848614911652%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/960px-Yulimar_Rojas_-_Triple_saut_Femmes_%2848614911652%29_%28cropped%29.jpg", "localImage": "images/long-tail-27-yulimar-rojas.jpg" }, { "id": "long-tail-28-clarisse-agbegnenou", "groupId": "long-tail", "groupTitle": "C. Long-tail Wikipedia notables", "requestedTitle": "Clarisse Agbegnenou", "title": "Clarisse Agbegnenou", "rationale": "judoka", "wikidataId": "Q2975621", "wikidataDescription": "French and Togolese judoka", "sitelinks": 37, "extract": "Clarisse Bogdanna Agbegnenou (born 25 October 1992) is a French judoka. Competing in the −63 kg weight division she won the European title in 2013, the world title in 2014, an Olympic silver medal at the Rio 2016 Games, an Olympic gold medal at the Tokyo 2020 Games, and the bronze medal at the 2024 Games in Paris, in her home country.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarisse_Agbegnenou", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "artist": "Presidential Press and Information Office", "credit": "http://news.kremlin.ru/trips/46542", "imageName": "File:Clarisse_Agbegnenou.jpeg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Clarisse_Agbegnenou.jpeg/960px-Clarisse_Agbegnenou.jpeg", "localImage": "images/long-tail-28-clarisse-agbegnenou.jpg" }, { "id": "long-tail-29-ireen-wust", "groupId": "long-tail", "groupTitle": "C. Long-tail Wikipedia notables", "requestedTitle": "Ireen Wüst", "title": "Ireen Wüst", "rationale": "speed skater", "wikidataId": "Q239546", "wikidataDescription": "Dutch speed skater", "sitelinks": 46, "extract": "Irene Karlijn \"Ireen\" Wüst (Dutch pronunciation: [iˈreːɱ ˈʋyst]; born 1 April 1986) is a Dutch former long track speed skater. Wüst became the most successful speed skating Olympian ever by achieving at least one gold medal in each of five consecutive Winter Olympic appearances. Wüst is the second athlete (after Britain's Steve Redgrave) to win a gold medal at five consecutive Olympics, Summer or Winter, and the first to do so in individual events.\nWüst is both the youngest Dutch Olympic gold medalist and the oldest speed skating gold medalist in the history of the Winter Games. At the age of nineteen, on 12 February 2006, she won the gold medal at the 2006 Winter Olympic Games 3000 metre event; four years later at the 2010 Winter Olympic Games she won the 1500 metre event; at the 2014 Winter Olympic Games she won two gold and three silver medals, making her the most decorated athlete at the Sochi Games. Following her record sixth speed skating gold medal in the 1500 metres and bronze in the team pursuit event at the 2022 Winter Olympics she has won a record thirteen Olympic medals, more than any other speed skater, making her the most successful athlete of the Netherlands at the Olympics. She is also a seven-time world allround champion, a fifteen-time world single distance champion, and a five-time European allround champion. In 2014, she was elected by Reuters as the Sportswoman of the World.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireen_W%C3%BCst", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "artist": "Jladage", "credit": "Own work", "imageName": "File:Ireen_Wüst_(NED)_2013.jpg", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ireen_W%C3%BCst_%28NED%29_2013.jpg/960px-Ireen_W%C3%BCst_%28NED%29_2013.jpg", "localImage": "images/long-tail-29-ireen-wust.jpg" }, { "id": "long-tail-30-lydia-ko", "groupId": "long-tail", "groupTitle": "C. Long-tail Wikipedia notables", "requestedTitle": "Lydia Ko", "title": "Lydia Ko", "rationale": "golfer", "wikidataId": "Q6707639", "wikidataDescription": "South Korea-born New Zealand golfer", "sitelinks": 24, "extract": "Dame Lydia Ko (born 24 April 1997) is a New Zealand professional golfer, member of the LPGA Hall of Fame, and the reigning Olympic champion. She first reached number one in the Women's World Golf Rankings on 2 February 2015 at 17 years, 9 months and 9 days of age, making her the youngest player of either gender to be ranked No. 1 in professional golf.\nKo had much success from an early age holding many youngest accolades on the LPGA Tour. Until 2017, she was the youngest ever (age 15) to win an LPGA Tour event. In August 2013, she became the only amateur to win two LPGA Tour events. Upon winning The Evian Championship in France on 13 September 2015, she became the youngest woman, at age 18 years, 4 months and 20 days, to win a major championship. Her closing round of 63 was a record lowest final round in the history of women's golf majors, but she lowered that record with a 62 at the 2021 ANA Inspiration. She had previously won the ANA Inspiration on 3 April 2016 for her second consecutive major championship, where she also became the youngest player to win two women's major championships.\nIn 2014, Ko was named as one of Time magazine's 100 most influential people. In both 2014 and 2015, Ko was named in the EspnW Impact25 list of 25 athletes and influencers who have made the greatest impact for women in sports.\nIn 2016, Ko was named Young New Zealander of the Year, and in the 2019 New Year Honours, she was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit for services to golf.\nIn November 2022, Ko won the CME Group Tour Championship with its $2 million first-place prize, completing the LPGA Tour season with three wins, the LPGA Player of the Year award for the second time in her career, the Vare Trophy for the lowest scoring average, the 2022 leading money winner, and rose to number two in the Women's World Golf Rankings.\nIn August 2024, she won the gold medal in women's golf at the Paris 2024 Summer Olympics, a victory that qualified her for the LPGA Hall of Fame, the 35th and youngest inductee at age 27. Combined with her bronze medal from the Tokyo 2020 Olympics and silver medal from the Rio 2016 Olympics, she attained the complete set of Olympic medals, becoming the first golfer in the modern era to achieve all three medals at three different Olympic Games.\nKo is a player director on the LPGA Board.\nKo was made a Dame Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit in the 2025 New Year Honours, for services to golf. She is believed to be the youngest dame or knight of the modern era.", "wikipediaUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia_Ko", "commonsUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "artist": "Ecco Golf", "credit": "YouTube : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5xv8tJv3ARE – View/save archived versions on archive.org", "imageName": "File:Lydia_Ko_240215.png", "imageUrl": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Lydia_Ko_240215.png", "localImage": "images/long-tail-30-lydia-ko.png" } ], "failures": [] }